Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2024). A modern light on diachronic processes affecting coda /l/ in English. In Porck, Thijs; Gordon, Moragh S. & Caon, Luisella (Ed.), Keys to the History of English. Diachronic linguistic change, morpho-syntax and lexicography . John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027214713. p. 82–102. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1075/cilt.363.04ste.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2023). The rise and fall and rise of the digraph <oa> in English. NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution. ISSN 0108-8416. 76(2), p. 127–152. doi: 10.1075/nowele.00077.ste.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2023). The emergence of affricates in English: Alliterative and other verse evidence. Filologia Germanica. ISSN 2036-8992. 15, p. 249–276. Show summary

  This paper addresses the emergence and development of palato-alveolar affricates in English, using spelling evidence, metrical and otherwise, from OE and ME. The affricates developed from the reflexes of Gmc velars in palatal contexts. From the earliest records, the scribes indicate a distinction between velar and palatal reflexes, but there is no certain evidence of phonetic affricates until the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, in the form of <t-> and <d->. The velar and palatalised reflexes continue to alliterate until the late-tenth century for Gmc g, and well into ME for Gmc k. As alliteration is based on identity of sound, such alliterations suggest that these reflexes were allophones and that they were not affricates. Verse evidence is also exploited for its clues as to the metrical weight of the pre-affricates; it is also indicative of non-affricates for OE and early ME. For the reflexes of Gmc g, a few ME scribes maintain a graphemic contrast between the voiced plosive and pre-affricate on the one hand, and fricative and approximant realisations on the other. Structural sequences (phonetic affricates) may have developed in ME, as the preaffricates block open syllable lengthening and induce shortening of the preceding vowel. Full-blown phonemic affricates (or contour segments) seem to have developed in late ME and were influenced by the fact that a number of French loans had phonemic affricates without distributional limitations. The voiced affricate developed later than its voiceless counterpart.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2022). Grimm's Law and Verner's Law: Towards a unified phonetic account. In Los, Bettelou; Cowie, Claire; Honeybone, Patrick & Trousedale, Graeme (Ed.), English Historical Linguistics: Change in Structure and Meaning : Papers from the XXth ICEHL. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027210647. p. 15–40. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This volume contains a set of articles based on papers selected from those delivered at the 20th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL, Edinburgh 2018). It focuses on cutting-edge research in the history of English, while reflecting the diversity that exists in the current landscape of English historical linguistics. Chapters showcase traditional as well as novel methodologies in historical linguistics (the latter made possible by the increasing quality and accessibility of digital tools), work on linguistic interfaces (between segmental phonology and prosody, and syntax and information structure) and work on mechanisms of language change (such as Yang’s Tolerance Principle, on the threshold for the productivity of linguistic rules in language acquisition). The volume will be of interest to those working on the historical phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics of English, language change, corpus linguistics, computational historical linguistics, and related sub-disciplines.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2021). The Evidentiary Status of Back Spellings and English Historical Phonology. In Vezzosi, Letizia (Eds.), Current Issues in Medieval England. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 978-3-631-86295-7. p. 195–216. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper examines back spellings (analogical spellings) in the history of English in order to (a) identify their rationale and (b) determine their evidentiary status with respect to sound-change. Traditionally, back spellings have always been dismissed as evidence of secondary sound-change because they have been believed to result from phonemic merger in all cases. However, analysis of a number of historical back spellings, applying the concept of literal substitution sets, reveals that the motivation for such spellings is manifold but does not usually involve phonemic merger. Reasons include analogy, calligraphic changes and orthographic extensions, phonetic and phonological innovations, and also phonemic merger. Determining the evidentiary status of back spellings additionally requires detailed assessment of scribal behaviour and of any clashes between scribal and authorial systems, both written and spoken.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2020). Coda approximants in British English: A diachronic and synchronic account. In Lorido, Rodrigo Pérez; Prado-Alonso, Carlos & Rodríguez-Puente, Paula (Ed.), Of ye Olde Englisch Langage and Textes: New Perspectives on Old and Middle English Language and Literature. Peter Lang Publishing Group. ISSN 978-3-631-82133-6. p. 109–137. Show summary

  This book provides new insights on different aspects of Old and Middle Eng-lish language and literature, presenting state-of-the-art analyses of linguistic phenomena and literary developments in those periods and opening up new directions for future work in the field. The volume tackles aspects of English diachronic linguistics such as the development of binominals and collective nouns in Old and Middle English, the early history of the intensifiers ‘deadly’ and ‘mortally’, the articulatory-acoustic characteristics of approximants in English, Old English metrics, some aspects of the methodology of corpus research with paleography in focus, studies of the interplay language-register, and a chapter discussing the periodology of Older Scots. The last section of the book ad-dresses literary and translatorial issues such as the impact of Latin ‘quis’ on the Middle English interrogative ‘who of’, the problems that may arise when trans-lating Beowulf into Galician, a reinterpretation of Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale, and a discussion of the structure of medieval manuscripts containing miscellanea.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2019). Old English <cg> and its sound correspondences in Old English and Middle English. English Language and Linguistics. ISSN 1360-6743. doi: 10.1017/S1360674319000182. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2019). The development of Old English ǣ: Middle English spelling evidence. In Alcorn, Rhona; Kopaczyk, Joanna; Los, Bettelou & Molineaux, Benjamin (Ed.), Historical Dialectology in the Digital Age. Edinburgh University Press. ISSN 9781474430531. p. 113–132. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F & Ophaug, Wencke (2017). Laterals in Singing and Speech. Journal of Singing. ISSN 1086-7732. 74(1), p. 61–76. Full text in Research Archive
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2016). Why English is not dead: A rejoinder to Emonds and Faarlund. Folia Linguistica Historica. ISSN 0168-647X. 37(1), p. 239–279. doi: 10.1515/flih-2016-0008.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2015). The development of early Middle English ó: Spelling evidence, Historical Linguistics 2013. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 9789027248534. p. 41–51. doi: 10.1075/cilt.334.03ste.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2015). The Middle English Development of Old English ȳ and lengthened y: spelling evidence. In Shaw, Philip; Erman, Britt; Melchers, Gunnel & Sundkvist, Peter (Ed.), From clerks to corpora: Essays on the English language yesterday and today: Essays in honour of Nils-Lennart Johannesson. Stockholm University Press. ISSN 978-91-7635-004-1. p. 1–16. doi: 10.16993/bab.a.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2013). The diphthongisation of ME (u)over-bar: The spelling evidence. Language and Computers (L&C). ISSN 0921-5034. p. 53–67. doi: 10.1163/9789401209403_005.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2003). On the Interpretation of Early Evidence for ME Vowel-Change. In Blake, B. J. & Burridge, K. (Ed.), Historical Linguistics 2001. Selected papers from the 15th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Melbourne 13-17 August 2001. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 403–415.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (1999). A Reassessment of the Chronology and Regional Spread of Certain English Long-Vowel Changes, ca. 1250-1500, 'Woonderous Ænglissce': SELIM Studies in Medieval English Language. Universidade de Vigo, Servicio de Publicacions. ISSN 84-8158-121-6. p. 161–174.

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• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2016). Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700. Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05575-9. 342 p.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F & Lysvåg, Per (2015). Academic Writing in English (Swedish Version). Gleerups Utbildning AB. ISBN 978-91-40-69113-2. 200 p.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2014). Academic Writing in English. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-02-44524-9. 183 p.

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• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2023). On the mutual benefits of modern and historical linguistics.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2023). Hardly working - working hard: An investigation into the historical development of HARDLY.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2022). Expressing time in English: Changes in progressive aspect in early Middle English .
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2021). Progressive aspect in English: Developments in early Middle English.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2021). Phonological change in English.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2021). Modern light on diachronic processes affecting coda laterals in English.
• Bech, Kristin; Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F & Kesling, Emily (2018). I døde språks selskap: gammelengelsk.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2018). Prehistoric sound-changes.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2018). A bar on coda approximants in British English? A diachronic account.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2018). Grimm's Law and Verner's Law: towards a unified phonetic account?
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2017). The Middle English reflexes of OE <cg>.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2017). The Old English digraph <cg> and its sound correspondences: using early Middle English texts as evidence.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2016). The development of OE ǣ: ME spelling evidence.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2016). On case loss in English.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2016). On case syncretism and loss of inflectional endings in late OE and early ME.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2015). Teaching historical English: strategies and challenges.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2015). On the continuity of English and the "Middle English Creolization Hypothesis".
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2014). The "Great Vowel Shift": nature and evidence.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2014). Poshing it up or slumming it down: the form and function of Estuary English.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2014). On the ontological status of the 'Great Vowel Shift'.
• Bech, Kristin & Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2013). English as a Scandinavian language? Learn to judge for yourself.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2011). The diphthongisation of ME ú: the spelling evidence. Show summary

  The paper presented the Middle English spelling evidence for the diphthongisation of /u:/, which was part of the 'Great Vowel Shift'.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2011). The Great Vowel Shift and the Northern Cities Shift: similarities and differences. Show summary

  The trial lecture treated the similarities and differences between the 'Great Vowel Shift' and the 'Northern Cities Shift', two chain-shifts which affected vowels at different times in the history of English.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2011). The Development of OE é and éo in Middle English: spelling evidence. Show summary

  The paper treats the Middle English spelling evidence for the development of Old English [e:] and [e:o] in the various Middle English dialects, using corpus material from LAEME and LALME.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2003). On the inception and spread of early ME [a:] to [O:] - some observations.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2001). On the Interpretation of Early Evidence for Middle English Vowel-Change. Show summary

  Conventionally, certain ME long-vowel changes are regarded as part of the so-called 'Great Vowel Shift' and assigned to the period ca. 1400-1750; others, assigned to ca. 1250-1350, are treated in isolation, although they are of fundamentally similar nature (e.g. the Southumbrian backing and raising of [a:] to [O:], and the Northern fronting and raising of [o:] to [y:]). This paper reports on aspects of a doctoral project concerned with the interpretation of these sound-changes - their inception, chronology, and regional spread. Data abstracted from A Survey of Middle English Dialects (Kristensson 1967, 1987, 1995), LALME, and LAEME seem to run counter to the traditional account, indicating that at least some of the GVS changes began considerably before 1400, and that some of the earlier changes were still in progress well after 1450 (cf. Stenbrenden 1996, 1999). Some of this material has not gone unnoticed by previous scholars, but has been discarded as evidence of early vowel-change for various reasons. This is particularly the case for the high front vowel. Thus rejected by distinguished scholars, material testifying to early vowel-shifting must certainly be used with care. However, the paper investigates the validity of their claims, and the systems (orthographical/phonological) in which the controversial forms occur, making use of the large quantities of ME data now available in print.

• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2000). 'On the dating, chronology and regional spread of Middle English long-vowel changes'.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (1998). A Reassessment of the Chronology and Regional Spread of Certain English Long-vowel Changes, ca. 1250-1500.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (1998). Teaching English Pronunciation in Norwegian Schools: Necessary and Possible?
• Syvertsen, Ida; Bordal, Guri; Monsen, Marte; Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen & O'Rourke, Bernadette (2024). Forced migration and English capital: a critical sociolinguistic analysis of English among Congolese refugees in Norway. Flisa Trykkeri A/S.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (2011). The Chronology and Regional Spread of Long-Vowel Changes in English, c. 1150-1500. Nauka.
• Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F (1996). The Great Vowel Shift: problems of reification and analysis.

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