Ingeborg Bolstad

• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Lien, Lars; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Toft, Helge; Pandey, Susmita & Lid, Torgeir Gilje [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Bariatric surgery patients in AUD treatment in Norway—an exploratory cross-sectional study. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 59(2). doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agae007.
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Pandey, Susmita; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Toft, Helge; Lien, Lars & Walby, Fredrik A [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Levels of IL-6 are Associated with Lifetime Attempted Suicide in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. ISSN 1176-6328. 19, p. 2141–2148. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S413101. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) have an increased risk of suicide. Neuroimmunological measures, such as cytokines, are shown to deviate in people with attempted suicide. Few studies have investigated this among AUD patients. Patients and Methods: One-hundred and fourteen patients undergoing residential treatment for AUD were interviewed on lifetime suicide attempts (SA) along with several other background variables and clinical characteristics. Serum blood samples were drawn for analysis of cytokines. Results: Thirty-one patients (27%) reported at least one SA. These patients had more symptoms of current affective disorders and more severe dependence. In bivariate analysis only IL-6 and IL-10 appeared to be associated with lifetime SA but without reaching statistical significance. In multivariate linear regression, adjusting for sex, nicotine use, somatic illness, and the use of anti- inflammatory drugs, IL-6 was associated to SA (p = 0.033). Conclusion: The cytokine IL-6 has repeatedly been found to be associated with suicidality. The present study concurs with this role of IL-6 in a naturalistic observational study of AUD patients.

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Pandey, Susmita; Toft, Helge & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2023). Inflammatory cytokines in alcohol use disorder patients are lower in smokers and users of smokeless tobacco. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 47(7), p. 1352–1363. doi: 10.1111/acer.15103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Smoking and alcohol use often co-occur, and the use of nicotine-containing products is particularly common among persons with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Recent evidence shows that chronic alcohol use leads to inflammation through increased gut permeability and dysregulated cytokine levels. While cigarette smoking also has detrimental health effects, nicotine has immune dampening effects in some settings. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that nicotine can dampen alcohol-induced inflammation, but inflammatory responses after nicotine use has not been studied in persons with AUD. This study compared the level of circulating cytokines in abstinent AUD inpatients who were non-tobacco users, smokers, users of Swedish snus, or dual tobacco users. Methods: We collected blood samples and information about somatic and mental health and tobacco habits from 111 patients in residential treatment for AUD and 69 healthy controls. Levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17a, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were examined using a multiplex assay. Results: Patients with AUD had higher levels of seven cytokines than healthy controls. Among the AUD patients, nicotine users had lower levels of IL-10, TNF-α, IL-17a, IL-1β, IL-8, and MCP-1 (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings may indicate that nicotine has anti-inflammatory effects in patients with AUD. Nonetheless, nicotine use cannot be recommended as a viable therapeutic option to reduce alcohol-induced inflammation because of its other adverse effects. Additional studies of the effects of tobacco or nicotine products on cytokine patterns in relation to mental or somatic health conditions are warranted. Keywords: alcohol; alcohol use disorder; cytokines; inflammation; nicotine. © 2023 The Authors. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Research Society on Alcohol.

• Berger, Endre; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2023). The Association Between Regular Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms Among Patients in Treatment of Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 17. doi: 10.1177/11782218231175813. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Alcohol and other substance use disorders and major depression often co-occur. A sedentary lifestyle is related to major depression and even moderate exercise may prevent and contribute to the treatment of depression. Studies have found an effect of physical activity on depression in alcohol and other substance use disorder patients even in clinical settings. Aim: To investigate the relationship between level of physical activity and depressive symptoms over time in alcohol and substance use disorder inpatients. Methods: Eighty-nine substance use disorder inpatients were followed for 6 months during treatment. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to categorize 3 groups of low, moderate, or high level of physical activity. In addition to background variables and alcohol and drug use measures, data on biometric measures and on sleep were gathered. Becks Depression Inventory version II (BDI-II) measured depressive symptoms. A multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the longitudinal relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms. Results: Most patients (57%) reported low activity, while 24% reported moderate and 19% high activity. Few changed their activity level during treatment. Moderate physical activity was related to lower score on BDI-II (P = .029). Level of physical activity was closely related to insomnia (P = .024). In the multivariate analysis the relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity did not withstand the adjustment for insomnia. However, in the multilevel logistic regression higher physical activity was related to lower BDI-II score in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: Among these alcohol and other substance use disorders patients in treatment, there was a relationship between depressive symptoms and physical activity. The low level of physical activity identified among these patients was related to a high level of depressive symptoms. The level of depressive symptoms declined over time; but this change was not related to an increase in physical activity.

• Roer, Grethe Emilie; Lien, Lars; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Aaseth, Jan Olav & Abebe, Dawit Shawel (2023). The impact of PTSD on risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a national patient cohort study in Norway. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 23. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04866-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, concurrent anxiety, alcohol use disorder and depression. The relationship between PTSD and cardiometabolic diseases are still unclear, and less is known about the effects of socioeconomic status, comorbid anxiety, comorbid alcohol use disorder and comorbid depression. The study, therefore, aims to examine the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus over time in PTSD patients, and to what extent socioeconomic status, comorbid anxiety, comorbid alcohol use disorder and comorbid depression attenuate associations between PTSD and risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Method: A retrospective, register-based cohort study with 6-years follow-up of adult (> 18 years) PTSD patients (N = 7 852) compared with the general population (N = 4 041 366), was performed. Data were acquired from the Norwegian Patient Registry and Statistic Norway. Cox proportional regression models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) (99% confidence intervals) of cardiometabolic diseases among PTSD patients. Results: Significantly (p < 0.001) higher age and gender adjusted HRs were disclosed for all cardiometabolic diseases among PTSD patients compared to the population without PTSD, with a variation in HR from 3.5 (99% CI 3.1-3.9) for hypertensive diseases to HR = 6.5 (5.7-7.5) for obesity. When adjusted for socioeconomic status and comorbid mental disorders, reductions were observed, especially for comorbid depression, for which the adjustment resulted in HR reduction of about 48.6% for hypertensive diseases and 67.7% for obesity. Conclusions: PTSD was associated with increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases, though attenuated by socioeconomic status and comorbid mental disorders. Health care professionals should be attentive towards the burden and increased risk that low socioeconomic status and comorbid mental disorders may represent for PTSD patients' cardiometabolic health. Keywords: Alcohol use disorder; Cardiovascular diseases; Cohort study; Comorbidity; Depression; Diabetes mellitus; Epidemiology; Metabolic diseases; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Register data. © 2023. The Author(s).

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Toft, Helge; Lien, Lars; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Rolland, Benjamin & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2022). Longitudinal determinants of insomnia among patients with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol. ISSN 0741-8329. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.11.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Pandey, Susmita; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Toft, Helge Prytz; Lien, Lars & Bolstad, Ingeborg (2022). History of Delirium Tremens in AUD Patients in Treatment: Relationship to AUD Severity and Other Factors. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. ISSN 1179-8467. 13, p. 65–72. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S361810. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Delirium tremens (DT) occurs after stopping prolonged, high alcohol intake and may be life-threatening if untreated. We need to know about clinical correlates of DT in order to provide the best clinical care. Methods: At admission to inpatient treatment a cohort of 114 alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients were interviewed and examined concerning psychiatric diagnosis and symptoms, trauma experiences and alcohol related measures and if they had experienced DT. Results: Twenty-four percent of the patients reported a life-time experience of DT. These patients were predominantly males and had lower educational level. More of the patients in the DT than the non-DT group reported at least one suicide attempt, were diagnosed with PTSD, and dropped out of treatment. Also, having parents with alcohol problems was more common among these patients, and they reported a longer duration of problematic drinking and a higher number of drinks needed to feel an effect of drinking. In the multivariable adjusted analysis only a diagnosis of PTSD (OR=5.71; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.34– 24.31) and duration of problematic drinking with a 6% increase in risk for every year (OR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.01– 1.11) remained significant risk factors for having DT experience. Discussion and conclusion: Having experienced DT was more prevalent in the current investigation than in earlier studies. Patients that had experienced DT seemed to have more serious AUD, especially signified by a longer duration of drinking. These patients seemed to have many clinical disadvantages including more drop-out and higher suicide rate. PTSD could be a risk factor for DT but may also follow the DT experience. Keywords: alcohol use disorder, delirium tremens, treatment, PTSD

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Alakokkare, Anni-Emilia; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Rognli, Eline B.; Levola, Jonna & Mustonen, Antti [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). The relationships between use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee in adolescence and mood disorders in adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-690X. 146(6), p. 594–603. doi: 10.1111/acps.13506. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction Alcohol, tobacco and coffee are commonly used substances and use in adolescence has previously been linked to mood disorders. However, few large prospective studies have investigated adolescent use in relation to mental health outcomes in adulthood. The main aim of this study was to examine the prospective associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and subsequent mood disorders up to 33 years of age. Methods Data from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study were used and a total of 7660 participants (49.9% male) were included. Associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and later diagnoses of major depression and bipolar disorder were examined using multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results Mean number of cigarettes/day (OR, 1.23 [95% CI 1.01–1.50]) and mean volume of alcohol consumption (OR, 1.22 [95% CI 1.01–1.47]), but not frequency of excessive drinking, in adolescence were associated with increased risk for subsequent bipolar disorder after adjustment for sex, parental psychiatric disorders, family structure, illicit substance use, and emotional and behavioral problems at age 16. An association between cigarette smoking and major depression attenuated to statistically non-significant when adjusted for emotional and behavioral problems. No associations were observed between adolescent coffee consumption and subsequent mood disorders. Conclusions This is the first study to report an association of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent bipolar disorder diagnosis providing grounds for further research and pointing to a place for preventive measures among adolescents. © 2022 The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivsLicense, which permits use and distribution in anymedium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

• Pandey, Susmita; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars; Walby, Fredrik A; Myhre, Martin Øverlien & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2022). Sex-specific factors associated with lifetime suicide attempt among patients with alcohol use disorders. BJPsych Open. ISSN 2056-4724. 8(4), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2022.545. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at high risk for suicide attempts. Mental health problems along with AUD-related factors may contribute to this increased risk. Studies have shown sex differences in rates and correlates of suicide attempts. Aims: The purpose of the study was to examine mental-health-related and AUD-related factors associated with suicide attempt separately in female and male AUD patients. Method: We collected information about lifetime suicide attempt and mental-health- and AUD-related factors for AUD in-patients (n = 114; 32 females) receiving rehabilitative treatment. Results: The prevalence of lifetime suicide attempt was 27%, and the rate was similar in both sexes. Among females, current depressive symptoms and current post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis were associated with suicide attempt. In male AUD patients, among the mental-health-related factors, lifetime major depression, panic disorder, social phobia, childhood sexual abuse and antisocial personality disorder were associated with suicide attempt. In addition, AUD-related factors including longer duration of drinking, history of delirium tremens, greater severity of AUD and lower levels of prolactin were associated with suicide attempt in males. Conclusions: Our results indicate that suicide attempts in female AUD patients were more mental-health-related, whereas those in males were also related to the severity of AUD. This suggests that a suicide prevention programme for AUD patients would benefit from a sex-based understanding of the risk factors.

• Lien, Ingebjørg Aspeland; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). Screening for depression in patients in treatment for alcohol use disorder using the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 . Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 308, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114363. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are prevalent disorders that often co-occur. The aim of the study was to investigate how the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10) perform as screening instruments for MDD in AUD patients in treatment. The study included 127 mainly AUD inpatients currently in treatment at rehabilitation clinics in Norway. Demographic and clinical variables were examined using questionnaires and clinical interviews. The factor structures of the BDI-II and HCSL-10 were examined, as well as internal consistency and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) was used as standard for diagnosing MDD. In total, 14% of the participants were diagnosed with MDD. BDI-II factor analysis retrieved three factors; cognition, somatic complaints and affect, and factor analysis for the HSCL-10 retrieved two factors; depression and anxiety. The optimal cut-off for the BDI-II was 24.5 with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 78%. For HSCL-10 the optimal cut-off was 2.35, giving sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 69%. Both the BDI-II and HSCL-10 may be clinically useful screening instruments for MDD in AUD patients. There was a tendency that the affect factor of the BDI-II and the depression factor of the HSCL-10 were slightly more suitable for identifying MDD than the other factors. Optimal cut-offs for both the BDI-II and the HSCL-10 in this patient group were higher than cut-offs commonly used in the general population. Keywords: Alcohol use disorders (AUD); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II); Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-10); Major depressive disorder (MDD). Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

• Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). GABAA subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 307. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257. Full text in Research Archive
• Pandey, Susmita; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). Factors associated with the level of prolactin in patients under remission from Alcohol Use Disorder: A gender perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports. ISSN 2574-173X. 41(3), p. 352–361. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12182. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Prolactin mirrors the dopaminergic activity in the brain which is key to understanding alcohol use disorders (AUD). Still, patients with AUD are a heterogenous group and there seem to be gender differences in the relationship between alcohol use and the level of prolactin. In this study, we examined gender-wise relationship of alcohol use trait- and state-related factors with the level of prolactin among AUD inpatients in remission. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the level of prolactin along with general patient characteristics and alcohol use trait- and state-related factors that could influence the level of prolactin in 112 AUD inpatients at three rehabilitation clinics in Norway. Logistic regression was performed to identify the gender-specific predictors of level of prolactin. Results: Male and female AUD patients had similar level of prolactin. Among females, younger age, early alcohol debut, and absence of parental drinking problem predicted higher level of prolactin. In males, presence of other substance dependence predicted a lower level of prolactin. Conclusions: There were gender differences in the factors associated with the level of prolactin among the AUD patients. Especially in the female AUD patients under remission, alcohol use trait-related factors were better predictors of the level of prolactin than the alcohol use state-related factors, indicating that individuals might characteristically have varying degree of dopamine reactivity. Keywords: alcohol use disorder; gender; prolactin; state factors; trait factors. © 2021 The Authors. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of the Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology.

• Roer, Grethe Emilie; Solbakken, Heidi Hurlen; Abebe, Dawit Shawel; Aaseth, Jan; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Lien, Lars (2021). Inpatients experiences about the impact of traumatic stress on eating behaviors: an exploratory focus group study. Journal of Eating Disorders. ISSN 2050-2974. 9, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s40337-021-00480-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This study aimed to explore trauma-exposed inpatients experiences about the impact of traumatic stress on eating behavior. Thirteen female and two male inpatients with a history of trauma, recruited from a psychiatric clinic in Norway, participated in this qualitative explorative focus group study. The results in the present study describe the participants’ experiences about the impact of after effects of traumatic experiences on eating behaviors. The findings are summarized into four main themes: “experiencing eating behaviors as coping strategies”; “experiencing being addicted to food and sweets”; “experiencing eating behaviors controlled by stress and emotions”; and “experiencing lack of appetite and reduced capacity to plan and prepare meals”. The results contribute to the existing literature and provide an important understanding of changes in eating behavior that might appear in people struggling with traumatic stress after traumatic experiences. This knowledge is important and useful for health professionals offering help to those struggling with their eating behavior after traumatic experiences.

• Pandey, Susmita; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). Antisocial Personality Disorder Among Patients in Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): Characteristics and Predictors of Early Relapse or Drop-Out. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. ISSN 1179-8467. 12, p. 11–22. doi: 10.2147/SAR.S296526. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients with alcohol use disorders (AUD) vary significantly in many clinically important characteristics making them a heterogenous group. AUD patients with comorbid antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) form an important sub-group, and studies indicate that these patients may have poorer treatment outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the characteristics of AUD inpatients with comorbid ASPD and identify predictors of early relapse or treatment drop-out in these patients. Methods: In a longitudinal study of AUD patients (n = 113; 30 females; aged 27 to 72 years) in treatment at three residential rehabilitation clinics in Norway, we used interviews and self-report questionnaires to collect data on alcohol use, mental health, and trauma experience. In addition, we assessed biochemical parameters. The patients were followed up at 6 weeks to identify early relapse or drop-out. Results: Prevalence of ASPD among AUD patients was 15%. AUD patients with comorbid ASPD were exclusively male, of younger age, and reported more childhood trauma, and adult attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder symptoms. They reported more hazardous drinking behavior and more often had dependence on substances in addition to alcohol. The presence of ASPD did not predict early relapse or drop-out. However, early relapse or drop-out in ASPD patients was associated with childhood and adult trauma, younger age of drinking debut, and higher baseline prolactin levels. Conclusion: AUD patients with ASPD had different clinical characteristics to other AUD patients and they had specific predictors of early relapse or drop-out. Our findings indicate that the early relapse or drop-out among AUD patients with ASPD may be attributed to environmental and possibly biological vulnerability. However, further studies with larger sample size are warranted to confirm these preliminary associations. Keywords: alcohol use disorder, antisocial personality disorder, relapse, drop-out

• Lien, Lars; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Bramness, Jørgen G. (2021). Smoking among inpatients in treatment for substance use disorders: prevalence and effect on mental health and quality of life. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03252-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Smoking is still prevalent among people with substance use disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of smoking among patients in treatment for substance use disorders and to analyze the effect of smoking both at baseline and follow-up on drop-out, mental health and quality of life. Methods: One hundred and twenty-eight inpatients (26% female), mainly with alcohol use disorder, staying at three different rehabilitation clinics in Eastern Norway, were interviewed at admission, and at 6 weeks and 6 months follow-up. The interview contained mental health-related problems, trauma, questions on alcohol and other substances and quality of life. Non-parametric tests were used to test group differences and unadjusted and adjusted linear regression to test the associations between smoking and the main outcome variables, while logistic regression was used to test the association between smoking and drop-out. Results: At admission, 75% were daily smokers. Compared to non-smokers at baseline, the smokers had higher drop-out rates (37% vs. 13%), more mental distress, and lower quality of life from baseline up to 6 months followup. Those quitting smoking while admitted improved in mental distress and quality of life at the same rate as nonsmokers. Alcohol-related factors did not differ between smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Smoking was associated with mental distress, quality of life and treatment drop-out among patients in primary alcohol use disorder treatment. The results indicate that smoking cessation should be recommended as an integral part of alcohol use treatment both before and during inpatient treatment to reduce drop-out. Keywords: Mental health problems, Alcohol use disorder, Smoking, Drop-out © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

• Toft, Helge; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Tilden, Terje; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Lien, Lars (2021). Persistent level of mental distress in PTSD patients is not reflected in cytokine levels 1 year after the treatment. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. ISSN 0924-2708. 33(5), p. 254–260. doi: 10.1017/neu.2021.11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Cross-sectional data show that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients often have increased levels of circulating inflammatory markers. There is, however, still a paucity of longitudinal studies with long follow-up times on levels of cytokines in such patients. The current study assesses patients with and without PTSD diagnosis 1 year after discharge from inpatient treatment. Methods: Patients in treatment for serious non-psychotic mental disorders were recruited at the beginning of their treatment stay at a psychiatric centre in Norway. Ninety patients submitted serum samples and filled out the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 Revised Global Severity Index (HSCL-90R GSI) questionnaire during their mainstay and at a follow-up stay 1 year after discharge. Of these patients, 33 were diagnosed with PTSD, 48 with anxiety, depression, or eating disorder, while 9 patients had missing data. The patients were diagnosed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results: At the follow-up stay (T3), PTSD patients had higher levels of GSI scores than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.048). These levels were unchanged from the year before (T2) in both groups. The levels of circulating cytokines/chemokine did not differ between the PTSD and non-PTSD patients at T3. At T2, however, the PTSD and non-PTSD groups exhibited different levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (p = 0.053), IL-1RA (p = 0.042), and TNF-α (p = 0.037), with the PTSD patients having the higher levels. Conclusion: Despite exhibiting different mental distress scores, the PTSD and non-PTSD patients did not differ regarding levels of circulating inflammatory markers at 1-year follow-up. © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with Scandinavian College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Lien, Lars & Bramness, Jørgen G. (2021). ADHD symptoms as risk factor for PTSD in inpatients treated for alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 300, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113904. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more common in alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients than in the general population. Still, there is a lack of knowledge about the relationship between the two conditions in these patients. The main objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of ADHD symptoms, and the relationship between ADHD symptoms and PTSD in AUD inpatients in treatment. Data from 85 AUD patients were collected. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to measure ADHD symptoms in all patients. Differences between groups split by PTSD diagnosis and by ASRS clinical cut-off were described, and the relationship between ADHD symptom level and PTSD was tested in a multiple regression model. Almost half the patients scored above ASRS cut-off and 14% had PTSD. Of the patients whose score was above cut-off on the ASRS 23% had PTSD, versus 7% among those below cut-off. Higher ASRS score was associated with PTSD even when age, sex and trauma were adjusted for. This study confirms the high level of ADHD symptoms in AUD patients in treatment. Diagnostic evaluation of PTSD is recommended in patients with ADHD attending inpatient treatment programs for AUD.

• Delfin, Carl Mikael; Reckless, Greg; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Groote, Inge Rasmus; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Jensen, Jimmy Kristian (2020). Exploring the effects of an acute dose of antipsychotic medication on motivation-mediated BOLD activity using fMRI and a perceptual decision-making task. Neuroscience. ISSN 0306-4522. 440, p. 146–159. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.035.
• Kerr-Little, Andi; Newberry, Ruth C.; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Gjersing, Linn; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Moe, Jenny Skumsnes [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Pet ownership among people with substance use disorder: implications for health and use of treatment services. In Newberry, Ruth C. & Braastad, Bjarne Olai (Ed.), Animal Lives Worth Living - Proceedings of the 53rd Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology. Wageningen Academic Publishers. ISSN 978-90-8686-889-6. p. 212–212. doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-889-6. Show summary

  Information about the impact of pet ownership on the lives of people with substance use disorder (SUD) is lacking. SUD is frequently associated with other mental health problems, difficulties in forming and/or maintaining supportive networks, and high treatment dropout risk. Pet ownership may help by reducing anxiety and providing emotional support, companionship, and physical health benefits, but at the same time imposes demands for animal care. Our aim was to investigate how owning a pet relates to substance use patterns and use of SUD treatment services. Data were taken from two cross sectional questionnaire studies among people with SUD not in treatment (study 1) and in treatment (study 2), conducted from 2018 to 2019 in Norway. Study 1 data were gathered outside the clean needle centre in Oslo (n=214) and study 2 was undertaken at 3 SUD treatment centres in South-East Norway (n=90). Among respondents in Study 1, dog owners were less likely to inject heroin than non-dog owners (84 vs 58%, P=0.026) and pet owners were more likely to take heroin by other means (38 vs 57%, P=0.041, chi-sq. tests). In general, the pet owners were less likely to have sought medication assisted treatment than the non-pet owners (26 vs 49%, P=0.023, chi-sq.-test). Study 2 showed that, compared to non-pet owners, pet owners tended to have a higher level of mental distress at treatment start as measured by the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 (on a scale ranging from 1: no symptoms to 4: high) (mean±SD: 2.29±0.86 vs 1.95±0.59, p=0.065, Student’s T-test), and were more likely to drop out of treatment within 6 weeks (5 vs 17%, P=0.010, chi-sq.-test). Our results suggest that pet owners with SUD may have a less destructive pattern of heroin use than non-pet owners. However, utilisation of and retention in treatment services may be an area where difficulties are experienced. Pet owners may maintain themselves better at street level but, by the time they seek treatment, they may have poorer mental health and a higher drop-out risk. These findings suggest that owning a pet could be perceived as both a salutogenic factor and an obstacle in the treatment process. While provisions are made for child care during treatment, provisions for pet care have not previously been considered in this context. We conclude that greater attention to pet ownership is warranted when planning SUD treatment strategies.

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Groote, Inge Rasmus; SERVER, ANDRES; Sjaastad, Ivar & Kapur, S [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Effects of haloperidol and aripiprazole on the human mesolimbic motivational system: A pharmacological fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology. ISSN 0924-977X. 25(12), p. 2252–2261. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.016. Show summary

  The atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole is a partial dopamine (DA) D2 receptor agonist, which differentiates it from most other antipsychotics. This study compares the brain activation characteristic produced by aripiprazole with that of haloperidol, a typical D2 receptor antagonist. Healthy participants received an acute oral dose of haloperidol, aripiprazole or placebo, and then performed an active aversive conditioning task with aversive and neutral events presented as sounds, while blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out. The fMRI task, targeting the mesolimbic motivational system that is thought to be disturbed in psychosis, was based on the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) animal model – a widely used test of therapeutic potential of antipsychotic drugs. In line with the CAR animal model, the present results show that subjects given haloperidol were not able to avoid more aversive than neutral task trials, even though the response times were shorter during aversive events. In the aripiprazole and placebo groups more aversive than neutral events were avoided. Accordingly, the task-related BOLD-fMRI response in the mesolimbic motivational system was diminished in the haloperidol group compared to the placebo group, particularly in the ventral striatum, whereas the aripiprazole group showed task-related activations intermediate of the placebo and haloperidol groups. The current results show differential effects on brain function by aripiprazole and haloperidol, probably related to altered DA transmission. This supports the use of pharmacological fMRI to study antipsychotic properties in humans

• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Groote, Inge Rasmus; Haatveit, Beathe Christin; SERVER, ANDRES & Jensen, Jimmy Kristian (2015). No difference in frontal cortical activity during an executive functioning task after acute doses of aripiprazole and haloperidol. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 9(May), p. 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00296. Full text in Research Archive
• Thoresen, Christian; Endestad, Tor; Sigvartsen, Niels Petter Bjørre; SERVER, ANDRES ; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Johansson, Mikael [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Frontotemporal hypoactivity during a reality monitoring paradigm is associated with delusions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. ISSN 1354-6805. 19(2), p. 97–115. doi: 10.1080/13546805.2013.776495.
• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Andreassen, Ole Andreas; Reckless, Greg; Sigvartsen, Niels Petter Bjørre; ALONSO, ANDRES SERVER & Jensen, Jimmy Kristian (2013). Aversive Event Anticipation Affects Connectivity between the Ventral Striatum and the Orbitofrontal Cortex in an fMRI Avoidance Task. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 8(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068494.
• Reckless, Greg; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Nakstad, Per Hjalmar; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Jensen, Jimmy Kristian (2013). MOTIVATION ALTERS RESPONSE BIAS AND NEURAL ACTIVATION PATTERNS IN A PERCEPTUAL DECISION-MAKING TASK. Neuroscience. ISSN 0306-4522. 238, p. 135–147. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.015.
• Thoresen, Christian; Jensen, Jimmy Kristian; Sigvartsen, Niels Petter Bjørre; Bolstad, Ingeborg; ALONSO, ANDRES SERVER & Nakstad, Per Hjalmar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Arousal modulates activity in the medial temporal lobe during a short-term relational memory task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. ISSN 1662-5161. 5. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00177.
• Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; White, Nathan; De Crespigny, Alex; Bolstad, Ingeborg; D'Arceuil, Helen & Bjaalie, Jan G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Quantitative Histological Validation of Diffusion MRI Fiber Orientation Distributions in the Rat Brain. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 5(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008595.
• Bolstad, Ingeborg; Leergaard, Trygve Brauns & Bjaalie, Jan G. (2007). Branching of individual somatosensory cerebropontine axons in rat: evidence of divergence. Brain Structure and Function. ISSN 1863-2653. 212, p. 85–93. doi: 10.1007/s00429-007-0145-1.
• Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; Alloway, K.D.; Pham, Tuyet Anh; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Hoffer, Z. & Pettersen, C. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2004). Three-dimensional topography of corticopontine projections from rat sensorimotor cortex: Comparisons with corticostriatal projections reveal diverse integrative organization. Journal of Comparative Neurology. ISSN 0021-9967. 478, p. 306–322.

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• Roer, Grethe Emilie; Lien, Lars; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Aaseth, Jan & Abebe, Dawit Shawel (2022). The impact of PTSD on risk of cardiometabolic diseases and the moderating effect of socioeconomic status, alcohol use disorder and depression: A National Patient Cohort study in Norway.
• Kerr-Little, Andi; Newberry, Ruth C.; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Gjersing, Linn; Bolstad, Ingeborg & Moe, Jenny Skumsnes [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Pet ownership among people with substance use disorder: implications for health and use of treatment services.
• Thoresen, Christian; Jensen, J; Sigvartsen, Niels Petter Bjørre; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Andreassen, Ole Andreas & Endestad, Tor (2009). OBJECT-LOCATION SOURCE RECOGNITION IN WORKING MEMORY: AN FMRI STUDY. Schizophrenia Bulletin. ISSN 0586-7614. 35, p. 163–163.
• White, Nathan; Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Bjaalie, Jan G.; D'Arceuil, Helen & De Crespigny, Alex [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2008). Quantitative histological validation of fiber orientation distributions based on high-angular resolution diffusion imaging.
• Van Dongen, Yvette C; Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Kjode, Jan Olav & Bjaalie, Jan G. (2007). Towards a digital atlas system for tracing axonal connectivity in the entire rat brain.
• Dongen, Yvette C Van; Leergaard, Trygve Brauns; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Kjøde, Jan Olav & Bjaalie, Jan G. (2007). Towards a digital atlas system for tracing axonal connectivity in the entire rat brain.

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