Morten Tryland

• Atuheire, Collins G. K.; Okwee-Acai, James; Taremwa, Martha; Ssajjakambwe, Paul; Munyeme, Musso & Kankya, Clovice [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Households neighboring wildlife protected areas may be at a higher risk of rabies than those located further away: a community-based cross-sectional cohort study at Pian Upe game reserve, Bukedea district, Eastern Uganda. Frontiers in tropical diseases. ISSN 2673-7515. 5. doi: 10.3389/fitd.2024.1272141.
• Wallin Philippot, Karin; Baron, Jerome; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Rautiainen, Heidi; Frössling, Jenny & Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): a questionnaire-based study among reindeer herders in Norway and Sweden. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 65. doi: 10.1186/s13028-023-00694-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Lamsal, Alaka; Tryland, Morten; Paulsen, Katrine M.; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Nymo, Ingebjørg H. & Stiasny, Karin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Serological screening for tick-borne encephalitis virus in eight Norwegian herds of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Zoonoses and Public Health. ISSN 1863-1959. 70, p. 692–698. doi: 10.1111/zph.13060. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Mørk, Torill; Þórarinsdóttir, Rán & Breines, Eva Marie [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). A Screening for Virus Infections among Wild Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Iceland, 2017–2019. Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 15(2). doi: 10.3390/v15020317. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Cunha, Cristina Wetzel; Fuchs, Boris; Breines, Eva Marie; Li, Hong & Jokelainen, Pikka [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). A serological screening for potential viral pathogens among semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finland. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 65. doi: 10.1186/s13028-023-00671-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Tranulis, Michael A. & Tryland, Morten (2023). The Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease—A Review. Foods. ISSN 2304-8158. 12(4), p. 1–20. doi: 10.3390/foods12040824. Full text in Research Archive
• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Siebert, Ursula; Baechlein, Christine; Postel, Alexander; Breines, Eva Marie & Lydersen, Christian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Pathogen Exposure in White Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard, Norway. Pathogens. ISSN 2076-0817. 12(1). doi: 10.3390/pathogens12010058. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Svalbard white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) population is one of the smallest in the world, making it particularly vulnerable to challenges such as climate change and pathogens. In this study, serum samples from live captured (2001-2016) white whales from this region were investigated for influenza A virus (IAV) antibodies (Abs) (n = 27) and RNA (n = 25); morbillivirus (MV) Abs (n = 3) and RNA (n = 25); Brucella spp. Abs; and Toxoplasma gondii Abs (n = 27). IAV Abs were found in a single adult male that was captured in Van Mijenfjorden in 2001, although no IAV RNA was detected. Brucella spp. Abs were found in 59% of the sample group (16/27). All MV and T. gondii results were negative. The results show that Svalbard white whales have been exposed to IAV and Brucella spp., although evidence of disease is lacking. However, dramatic changes in climate and marine ecosystems are taking place in the Arctic, so surveillance of health parameters, including pathogens, is critical for tracking changes in the status of this vulnerable population.

• Hueffer, Karsten; Tryland, Morten & Dresvyanikova, Svetlana (2022). Rabies in the Arctic. In Tryland, Morten (Eds.), Arctic One Health - Challenges for Northern Animals and People. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030878528. p. 211–226. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-87853-5_9. Show summary

  Rabies is caused by rabies virus in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. The virus infects warm-blooded animals and causes severe neurological disease that is usually fatal once clinical signs are manifest. Rabies has been detected in every continent apart from Antarctica. The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is the main reservoir of the virus in the circumpolar Arctic, but in some regions, where the distribution of the arctic and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) overlap, the red fox may contribute to the epidemiology of the disease. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are also affected and may contribute to the risk of contracting rabies for humans. Historical sources describe diseases comparable to rabies (e.g., “dog madness”) in arctic regions, but the disease was typically not diagnosed until around the 1950s in different parts of these regions. Four different rabies virus variants have been detected in arctic regions. Due to the general remoteness of arctic regions and restrictions on the availability of veterinary and health care, rabies diagnostics and management may be challenging. The epidemiology of arctic rabies is associated with the population dynamics of the reservoir hosts. Climate change and increased human encroachment of wildlife habitats will impact the epidemiology of the disease, but the effects may be challenging to predict and may also vary between different regions of the circumpolar Arctic.

• Tryland, Morten (2022). Parapoxvirus infections in northern species and populations. In Tryland, Morten (Eds.), Arctic One Health - Challenges for Northern Animals and People. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030878528. p. 427–436. Show summary

  This multidisciplinary book discusses the manifold challenges arctic marine and terrestrial wildlife, ecosystems and people face these times. Major health threats caused by the consequences of climate change, environmental pollution and increasing tourism in northern regions around the globe are explored. The most common infectious diseases in wild and domesticated arctic animals are reviewed and the impact they could have on circumpolar ecosystems as well as on the lives of arctic people are profoundly discussed. Moreover, the book reviews arctic hunting, herding and food conservation strategies and introduces veterinary medicine in remote indigenous communities. "Arctic One Health" is authored by experts based in arctic regions spanning from North America over Europe to Asia to cover a broad range of topics and perspectives. The book addresses researchers in Veterinary Medicine, Ecology, Microbiology and Anthropology. The book contributes towards achieving the UN Sustainable Developmental Goals, in particular SDG 15, Life on Land.

• Tryland, Morten (2022). Semi-domesticated reindeer, health and animal welfare. In Tryland, Morten (Eds.), Arctic One Health - Challenges for Northern Animals and People. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783030878528. p. 551–557. Show summary

  This multidisciplinary book discusses the manifold challenges arctic marine and terrestrial wildlife, ecosystems and people face these times. Major health threats caused by the consequences of climate change, environmental pollution and increasing tourism in northern regions around the globe are explored. The most common infectious diseases in wild and domesticated arctic animals are reviewed and the impact they could have on circumpolar ecosystems as well as on the lives of arctic people are profoundly discussed. Moreover, the book reviews arctic hunting, herding and food conservation strategies and introduces veterinary medicine in remote indigenous communities. "Arctic One Health" is authored by experts based in arctic regions spanning from North America over Europe to Asia to cover a broad range of topics and perspectives. The book addresses researchers in Veterinary Medicine, Ecology, Microbiology and Anthropology. The book contributes towards achieving the UN Sustainable Developmental Goals, in particular SDG 15, Life on Land.

• Tryland, Morten; Åhman, Birgitta & Sanchez Romano, Javier (2022). Health and diseases of semi-domesticated reindeer in a climate change perspective. In Horstkotte, Tim; Holand, Øystein; Kumpula, Jouko & Moen, Jon (Ed.), Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. Routledge. ISSN 9781003118565. p. 249–262. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Sanchez Romano, Javier & Riseth, Jan Åge (2022). Husbandry and Diseases of Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer in Fennoscandia, The Management of enclosed and domesticated deer. Springer Nature. ISSN 978-3-031-05385-6. p. 413–447. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-05386-3_19. Show summary

  This chapter presents the most relevant diseases of semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in a historical and contemporary perspective. Human relation to these animals is very ancient, and disease history is context dependent. Historical epizootics, such as anthrax and the “Reindeer pest,” could be devastating for reindeer and man, but not always well documented in older sources. Others, such as necrobacillosis, were known to be associated with high animal density and corralling due to milking practice. Contemporary diseases, such as rumen acidosis and ruminal tympani, are usually connected to feeding, whereas diseases like infectious keratoconjunctivitis and contagious ecthyma are associated with high animal density and stress. The ongoing and rapid transition from traditional reindeer herding to increased husbandry and feeding may lead to an altered disease prevalence, possibly introducing new pathogens and altering the epidemiology and appearance of “old” pathogens. Chronic wasting disease is also a serious threat, but so far not detected in semi-domesticated reindeer. In addition, climatic changes may contribute to altered ecosystems, including new distribution patterns for insects, which can be vectors for reindeer pathogens. Changing conditions for reindeer herding create new challenges for both reindeer health and the sustainability of the traditional reindeer herding industry.

• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Fuglei, Eva; Mørk, Torill; Breines, Eva Marie; Holmgren, Karin Elisabeth & Davidson, Rebecca K. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Why are Svalbard Arctic foxes Brucella spp. seronegative? Polar Research. ISSN 0800-0395. 41. doi: 10.33265/polar.v41.7867. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) are susceptible to smooth Brucella (s-Brucella) infection and may be exposed to such bacteria through the consumption of infected marine mammals, as implied by the finding of s-Brucella antibodies in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Arctic foxes in Svalbard have not previously been investigated for s-Brucella antibodies, but such antibodies have been detected in Arctic foxes in Iceland, Alaska (USA) and Russia. We investigated blood from Svalbard Arctic foxes for s-Brucella antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The animals (0–13 years old) were either caught by fur trappers (1995–2003, n = 403) or found dead (1995 and 2003, n = 3). No seropositive animals were detected. Morbidity and mortality due to the infection cannot be ruled out. However, no known, large disease outbreaks of unknown aetiology have been reported. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the Svalbard Arctic fox is resistant to infection as Arctic foxes from other populations are susceptible, and there is circumpolar connectivity between populations. The discrepancy between the findings in Iceland and Svalbard is surprising as both populations are on islands with no known local sources of exposure to s-Brucella other than marine mammals. However, our negative findings suggest that marine mammals may not be a major source of infection for this species. Comparative investigations are needed in order to draw conclusions regarding the epizootiology of s-Brucella in Arctic foxes in Svalbard and Iceland.

• Shakya, Ruchika; Tryland, Morten; Vikse, Rose; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Åsbakk, Kjetil & Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Inkoo and Sindbis viruses in blood sucking insects, and a serological study for Inkoo virus in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer in Norway. Virology Journal. ISSN 1743-422X. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12985-022-01815-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Angelos, John A.; Clothier, Kristin A.; Agulto, Regina L.; Mandzyuk, Boguslav & Tryland, Morten (2021). Relatedness of type IV pilin PilA amongst geographically diverse Moraxella bovoculi isolated from cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Journal of Medical Microbiology. ISSN 0022-2615. 70(2). doi: 10.1099/JMM.0.001293. Full text in Research Archive
• Rinaldo, Christine Hanssen; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Breines, Eva Marie; Murguzur, Francisco Javier Ancin & Tryland, Morten (2021). Serological evidence of hepatitis e virus infection in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in norway. Pathogens. ISSN 2076-0817. 10(12), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10121542. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Breines, Eva Marie; Murguzur, Francisco Javier Ancin & Kjenstad, Ole Christian [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). A Screening for Virus Infections in Eight Herds of Semi-domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Norway, 2013–2018. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 8, p. 1–12. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707787. Full text in Research Archive
• Sunde, Marianne; Ramstad, Silje N.; Rudi, Knut; Porcellato, Davide; Ravi, Anuradha & Ludvigsen, Jane [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Plasmid-associated antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli in a high arctic reindeer subspecies. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance. ISSN 2213-7165. 26, p. 317–322. doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.06.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Lydersen, Christian; Kovacs, Kit Maureen; Rafter, Espen & Thoresen, Stein Istre (2021). Serum biochemistry and haematology in wild and captive bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 63(1), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00598-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Omazic, Anna; Leijon, Mikael; Hagström, Åsa; Tryland, Morten & Kantanen, Juha [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Screening of Eurasian Tundra Reindeer for Viral Sequences by Next-Generation Sequencing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(12). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126561. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Reindeer husbandry is essential for the livelihood and culture of indigenous people in the Arctic. Parts of the herding areas are also used as pastures for farm animals, facilitating potential transmission of viruses between species. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, viruses circulating in the wild are receiving increased attention, since they might pose a potential threat to human health. Climate change will influence the prevalence of infectious diseases of both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to detect known and previously unknown viruses in Eurasian tundra reindeer. In total, 623 nasal and 477 rectal swab samples were collected from reindeer herds in Fennoscandia, Iceland, and Eastern Russia during 2016–2019. Next-generation sequencing analysis and BLAST-homology searches indicated the presence of viruses of domesticated and wild animals, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papillomavirus, alcephaline herpesvirus 1 and 2, deer mastadenovirus B, bovine rotavirus, and roe deer picobirnavirus. Several viral species previously found in reindeer and some novel species were detected, although the clinical relevance of these viruses in reindeer is largely unknown. These results indicate that it should be possible to find emerging viruses of relevance for both human and animal health using reindeer as a sentinel species.

• Gomes Costa, Helena Sofia; Klein, Joern; Breines, Eva Marie; Nollens, Hendrik H.; Matassa, Keith & Garron, Mendy [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). A Comparison of Parapoxviruses in North American Pinnipeds. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 8. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653094. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Parapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is currently classified as a tentative species of the Parapoxvirus genus. Tissue or swab samples were analyzed from 11 pinnipeds of different host species undergoing rehabilitation on the east and west coasts of the United States of America (USA) that were positive for parapoxvirus. The aim of the study was to compare parapoxvirus sequences of fragments of the B2L, DNA polymerase, GIF and viral interleukin-10 ortholog (vIL-10) genes and to examine the evolutionary relationship between viruses detected in different pinniped species and at different locations with other members of the Parapoxvirus genus, such as Orf virus (ORFV), Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV). The sequence analysis showed that the parapoxvirus sequences from the pinnipeds differed significantly from those found in terrestrial hosts and that they formed a separate cluster within the genus. Our results suggest that transmission of the same parapoxvirus strain is possible between different species, including between members of different families (phocids and otariids). Animals belonging to the same species but living in distant geographic locations presented genetically distant parapoxviruses. The findings of this study demonstrate that sealpox lesions in pinnipeds of different species are caused by viruses that belong to the Parapoxvirus genus but have significant genetic differences compared to the established virus species in terrestrial hosts, thus strongly supporting the classification of pinniped parapoxvirus as a new species of the genus.

• Tryland, Morten; Josefsen, Terje D.; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Marcin, Nina; Mørk, Torill & Arnemo, Jon M. (2021). Case Report: Subclinical Verminous Pneumonia and High Ambient Temperatures Had Severe Impact on the Anesthesia of Semi-domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) With Medetomidine–Ketamine. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 8, p. 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.606323. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Semidomesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus, n = 21) were scheduled twice for chemical immobilization with medetomidine–ketamine as part of a scientific experiment in June 2014. During the first round of immobilizations, seven animals developed severe respiratory depression (RD). Three individuals died, and 4 recovered. The ambient temperature during the 2 days of immobilization (June 3 and 4) was high (mean 13.9–17.6°C) compared to the normal mean temperature for these 2 days (7–8°C) based on statistical records. During the second round of immobilizations, using the same anesthetic protocol for the remaining animals as in the first round but conducted under cooler conditions (mean 6.6°C for the period June 9–18), no signs of RD were observed. Clinical and pathological investigations indicated that the animals suffered from circulatory changes possibly caused by high ambient temperatures and granulomatous interstitial pneumonia due to Elaphostrongylus rangiferi larvae. These conditions, together with the cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, were likely causes of RD and the fatal outcome. We conclude that chemical immobilization of reindeer with medetomidine–ketamine should be avoided in May–June due to the potential risk when animals partly in winter coats encounter rising ambient temperatures and usually have parasites developing in their airways.

• Rode, Karyn D.; Obbard, Martyn; Belikov, Stanislav; Derocher, Andrew E.; Durner, George M. & Thiemann, Gregory W. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). In Penteriani, Vincenzo & Melletti, Mario (Ed.), Bears of the World. Ecology, conservation and management. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 978-1-108-69257-1. p. 196–212. doi: 10.1017/9781108692571.015.
• Núnez Egido, Sandra; Lowther, Andrew; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Klein, Jörn; Breines, Eva Marie & Tryland, Morten (2020). Pathogen surveillance in Southern Ocean pinnipeds. Polar Research. ISSN 0800-0395. 39, p. 1–11. doi: 10.33265/polar.v39.3841. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Knowledge of the health status and potential effect of disease outbreaks among Southern Ocean fauna may be decisive for its conservation. We assessed the exposure and infection of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella, AFS) and Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonine, SES) to parapoxvirus, Phocid alphaherpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1), smooth Brucella spp. and Toxoplasma gon-dii. AFS (n = 65) serum and swab samples, and SES (n = 13) serum samples from the sub- Antarctic island of Bouvetøya (54°25’S, 03°22’E) were collected during two austral summers (2014/15, 2017/18). Three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests amplifying the DNA polymerase, B2L and GIF parapoxvi-rus genomic regions were performed, investigating DNA from mucosal swab samples. The glycoprotein B gene was targeted to detect PhHV-1 viral DNA. Sera were assayed for T. gondii and smooth Brucella spp. antibodies with indi-rect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Parapoxvirus PCR amplicons of the expected size were generated in two of the 29 AFS pups (nasal swabs, 2014/15), targeting the B2L (n = 2) and DNA polymerase (n = 1) genes, whereas the GIF PCR did not amplify target sequences. The PCR amplicons were sequenced and blasted in GenBank, revealing highest similarity with a seal parapoxvirus, confirming the presence of the virus in AFS for the first time. No PhHV-1 amplicons were generated, and antibodies against T. gondii or smooth Brucella spp. were not detected. Our data indicate that these seals are host for parapoxvirus but are neither exposed to smooth Brucella spp. nor T. gondii. Evidence of PhHV-1 shedding was not detected .

• Urbani, Lorenza; Tryland, Morten; Ehrich, Dorothee; Fuglei, Eva; Battilani, Mara & Balboni, Andrea (2020). Ancient origin and genetic segregation of canine circovirus infecting arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Svalbard and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Norway. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. ISSN 1865-1674. 00, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13783. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Sørensen, Karen Kristine; Larsen, Anett Kristin; Mørk, Torill & Tryland, Morten (2020). Ocular Histopathological Findings in Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis after Experimental Inoculation with Cervid Herpesvirus 2. Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/v12091007. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a common transmissible ocular disease in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). In large outbreaks, IKC may affect tens of animals in a herd, with the most severe cases often requiring euthanasia due to the destruction of the affected eyes and permanent blindness. An experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2), alone or in combination with Moraxella bovoculi, demonstrated that CvHV2 has the ability to cause clinical signs of IKC in previously unexposed reindeer. Tissues collected from upper and lower eyelids, lacrimal gland and cornea, were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Histopathological analysis of the eyes inoculated with CvHV2 showed widespread and severe pathological findings. Mucosal tissues from these eyes showed fibrinous and purulent exudates, hyperemia, hemorrhages, necrosis, vascular thrombosis, vascular necrosis, infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and lymphoid follicle reaction, which matches the described histopathology of IKC in reindeer. Characteristic alpha-herpesvirus particles matching the size and morphology of CvHV2 were identified by transmission electron microscopy in the conjunctival tissue. The quantification of viral particles by qPCR revealed high copy numbers of viral DNA in all CvHV2 inoculated eyes, but also in the non-inoculated eyes of the same animals. The histopathology of eye tissues obtained from the CvHV2 inoculated reindeer and the lack of inflammation from bacterial infection, together with the detection of CvHV2 DNA in swabs from the inoculated and non-inoculated eyes of the same animals, verified that CvHV2 was the primary cause of the observed histopathological changes.

• Riseth, Jan Åge; Tømmervik, Hans & Tryland, Morten (2020). Spreading or gathering? Can traditional knowledge be a resource to tackle reindeer diseases associated with climate change? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 17(16). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17166002. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper inquires whether reindeer herders’ traditional knowledge (TK) provides a reservoir of precaution and adaptation possibilities that may be relevant to counteract climate change. As our core example, we used the milking of reindeer—which, in some areas, was practiced up until the 1950s–1960s—and the risk of getting foot rot disease (digital necrobacillosis; slubbo in North Sámi), caused by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum. Via wounds or scratches, the bacterium creates an infection that makes the infected limb swell and, eventually, necrotize. The disease is often mortal in its final stage. Historically, female reindeer were gathered on unfenced milking meadows near herder tents or in small corrals, from early summer onward. When the soil was wet and muddy, the risk of developing digital necrobacillosis was considerable. Our sources included classical Sámi author/herder narratives, ethnographic and veterinary literature, and herder interviews. For this study, we conducted a qualitative review of the literature and carried out individual in-depth interviews with local knowledge holders. Our findings seem consistent: a documented prevention strategy was, in early summer, to move the reindeer to unused grazing land and to avoid staying too long in trampled and dirty grazing land. Contemporary climate change and winter uncertainty due to freeze–thaw cycles and ice-locked pastures challenge this type of strategy. Due to a lack of pasture resources, typical actions today include the increased use of supplementary feeding, which involves more gathering and handling of reindeer, higher animal density, challenging hygienic conditions, and stress, which all contribute to increased risks of contracting and transmitting diseases.

• Das Neves, Carlos G; Sacristan Yague, Carlos; Madslien, Knut Ivar Engesæter & Tryland, Morten (2020). Gammaherpesvirus in cervid species from Norway: Characterization of a new virus in wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 12(8). doi: 10.3390/v12080876. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Gammaherpesvirus infections have been described in cervids worldwide, mainly the genera Macavirus or Rhadinovirus. However, little is known about the gammaherpesviruses species infecting cervids in Norway and Fennoscandia. Blood samples from semi-domesticated (n = 39) and wild (n = 35) Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), moose (Alces alces, n = 51), and red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 41) were tested using a panherpesvirus DNA polymerase (DPOL) PCR. DPOL-PCR-positive samples were subsequently tested for the presence of glycoprotein B (gB) gene. The viral DPOL gene was amplified in 28.2% (11/39) of the semi-domesticated reindeer and in 48.6% (17/35) of the wild reindeer. All moose and red deer tested negative. Additionally, gB gene was amplified in 4 of 11 semi-domesticated and 15 of 17 wild Eurasian reindeer DPOL-PCR-positive samples. All the obtained DPOL and gB sequences were highly similar among them, and corresponded to a novel gammaherpesvirus species, tentatively named Rangiferine gammaherpesvirus 1, that seemed to belong to a genus different from Macavirus and Rhadinovirus. This is the first report of a likely host-specific gammaherpesvirus in semi-domesticated reindeer, an economic and cultural important animal, and in wild tundra reindeer, the lastpopulation in Europe. Future studies are required to clarify the potential impact of this gammaherpesvirus on reindeer health

• Omazic, Anna; Bylund, Helena; Boqvist, Sofia; Hogberg, Anne-Marie; Björkman, Christer & Tryland, Morten [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Identifying climate-sensitive infectious diseases in animals and humans in Northern regions. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 61(1). doi: 10.1186/s13028-019-0490-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Das Neves, Carlos G; Johansson Wensman, Johan; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Skjerve, Eystein; Alenius, Stefan & Tryland, Morten (2019). Pestivirus infections in semi domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): A retrospective cross-sectional serological study in Finnmark county, Norway. Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 12(1), p. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/v12010029. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Grund, Lisa; Obiegala, Anna; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Murguzur, Francisco Javier Ancin & Li, Hong [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). A Multi-Pathogen Screening of Captive Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Germany Based on Serological and Molecular Assays. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 6. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00461. Full text in Research Archive
• Omazic, Anna; Aurosell, Caroline; Fedorov, Valery; Hagström, Åsa; Kantanen, Juha & Leijon, Mikael [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Seroprevalence of pestivirus in Eurasian tundra reindeer in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Russian Federation. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. ISSN 2000-8686. 9(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1682223. Full text in Research Archive
• Tomaselli, Matilde; Elkin, Brett T.; Kutz, Susan; Harms, Naomi Jane; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena & Davison, Tracy [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). A transdisciplinary approach to Brucella in Muskoxen of the Western Canadian Arctic 1989-2016. EcoHealth. ISSN 1612-9202. 16, p. 488–501. doi: 10.1007/s10393-019-01433-3. Full text in Research Archive
• Carlsson, Anja M.; Curry, Patricia S.; Elkin, Brett T.; Russell, Donald E.; Veitch, Alasdair M. & Branigan, Marsha [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2019). Multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: A snapshot in time. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219838. Full text in Research Archive
• Balboni, Andrea; Tryland, Morten; Mørk, Torill; Killengreen, Siw Turid; Fuglei, Eva & Battilani, Mara (2019). Unique genetic features of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) infecting red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in northern Norway and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Svalbard. Veterinary research communications. ISSN 0165-7380. 43(2), p. 67–76. doi: 10.1007/s11259-019-09746-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Mørk, Torill; Klein, Joern & Rockström, Ulrika (2019). Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated with Supplementary Feeding of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 6. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00126. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Supplementary winter feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) has become more common in Sweden and Norway due to reindeer pasture fragmentation and climatic conditions. With increased corralling and feeding, often associated with animal stress, increased animal-to-animal contact, and poor hygienic conditions, an altered range of health challenges and diseases may emerge. An outbreak of three different infectious diseases appeared simultaneously in a reindeer herd in Norrbotten County, Sweden. The animals were corralled and fed silage. Several animals in poor body condition stopped eating, with drool and discoloration of the hair coat around the mouth. There were large, black, necrotic lesions on the tongue and gingiva, with holes perforating the chin, indicative of oral necrobacillosis and Fusobacterium spp. infection. Simultaneously, animals were seen with proliferative lesions in the oral mucosa and on the lips, characteristic of contagious ecthyma and Orf virus infection. Furthermore, three animals had keratoconjunctivitis suggesting exposure to cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) and possibly secondary bacterial infections. DNA specific for Fusobacterium necrophorum and ORFV was detected in relevant tissue samples. Antibodies against CvHV2 were detected in 10 of 13 diseased and in four of 11 apparently healthy reindeer. Nine animals were found dead or were euthanized during the outbreak. Health risk factors associated with feeding and corralling may severely impact animal welfare and the herder’s economy, andmay represent an underestimated cost when replacing natural grazing with feeding.

• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Leijon, Mikael; Hagström, Åsa; Jinnerot, Tomas; Rockström, Urlika & Tryland, Morten (2019). Chlamydia pecorum associated with an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer in Sweden. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 6(14). doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00014. Full text in Research Archive
• Bondo, Kristin; Macbeth, Bryan J.; Schwantje, Helen; Orsel, Karin; Culling, Diane & Culling, Brad [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). HEALTH SURVEY OF BOREAL CARIBOU (RANGIFER TARANDUS CARIBOU) IN NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. ISSN 0090-3558. 55(3), p. 544–562. doi: 10.7589/2018-01-018. Show summary

  ABSTRACT: Boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are listed as threatened across Canada, and a basic understanding of their health status is lacking. From December 2012 to April 2013, we investigated multiple health indices for adult female boreal caribou (n1⁄4163) captured from seven herds in NE British Columbia, Canada. Health indices included physical characteristics, physiologic and trace mineral status, exposure to or infection with selected pathogens, and measures of chronic stress and inflammation, including serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and hair cortisol concentration. Key findings were exposure to the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in 14% of individuals, mild to severe hair loss associated with winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) infestations in 76% of caribou from December to early February and 81% from late February to early April, and evidence of trace mineral deficiencies with 99% and 34% of individuals deficient in copper and selenium, respectively. Seroprevalence for exposure to selected pathogens was: alphaherpesvirus (63%), pestivirus (1%), Besnoitia spp. (60%), and Neospora caninum (2%). All animals were seronegative to Brucella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis was not detected in any fecal samples. Parasite eggs or larvae, including Parelaphostrongylus andersoni (36%), Skrjabinema spp. (1%), Strongyle-type eggs (11%), Moniezia-type eggs (8%), and nematodirines (3%), were detected on fecal examination, but at low intensity. Blood biochemistry values and hair cortisol concentrations were within ranges previously reported in Rangifer tarandus sspp. Some significant differences among herds were noted, including antler morphology, exposure to Besnoitia spp., and concentrations of serum amyloid A, copper, cobalt, manganese, and iron.

• Scotter, Sophie Ellen; Tryland, Morten; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Hanssen, Linda; Harju, Mikael & Lydersen, Christian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Contaminants in Atlantic walruses in Svalbard Part 1: Relationships between exposure, diet and pathogen prevalence. Environmental Pollution (1987). ISSN 0269-7491. 244, p. 9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.001. Show summary

  This study investigated relationships between organohalogen compound (OHC) exposure, feeding habits, and pathogen exposure in a recovering population of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from the Svalbard Archipelago, Norway. Various samples were collected from 39 free-living, apparently healthy, adult male walruses immobilised at three sampling locations during the summers of 2014 and 2015. Concentrations of lipophilic compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) were analysed in blubber samples, and concentrations of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) were determined in plasma samples. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were measured in seven tissue types and surveys for three infectious pathogens were conducted. Despite an overall decline in lipophilic compound concentrations since this population was last studied (2006), the contaminant pattern was similar, including extremely large inter-individual variation. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen showed that the variation in OHC concentrations could not be explained by some walruses consuming higher trophic level diets, since all animals were found to feed at a similar trophic level. Antibodies against the bacteria Brucella spp. and the parasite Toxoplasma gondii were detected in 26% and 15% of the walruses, respectively. Given the absence of seal-predation, T. gondii exposure likely took place via the consumption of contaminated bivalves. The source of exposure to Brucella spp. in walruses is still unknown. Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in a single individual, representing the first documented evidence of parapoxvirus in wild walruses. Antibody prevalence was not related to contaminant exposure. Despite this, dynamic relationships between diet composition, contaminant bioaccumulation and pathogen exposure warrant continuing attention given the likelihood of climate change induced habitat and food web changes, and consequently OHC exposure, for Svalbard walruses in the coming decades.

• Tryland, Morten; Balboni, Andrea; Killengreen, Siw Turid; Mørk, Torill; Nielsen, Ole & Yoccoz, Nigel Gilles [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). A screening for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and carnivore protoparvoviruses in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Norway. Polar Research. ISSN 0800-0395. 37(1). doi: 10.1080/17518369.2018.1498678. Full text in Research Archive
• Foster, Geoffrey; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Kovacs, Kit M.; Beckmen, Kimberlee B.; Brownlow, Andrew C. & Baily, Johanna L. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2018). First isolation of Brucella pinnipedialis and detection of Brucella antibodies from bearded seals Erignathus barbatus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. ISSN 0177-5103. 128(1), p. 13–20. doi: 10.3354/dao03211. Show summary

  Brucella species infecting marine mammals was first reported in 1994 and in the years since has been documented in various species of pinnipeds and cetaceans. While these reports have included species that inhabit Arctic waters, the few available studies on bearded seals Erignathus barbatus have failed to detect Brucella infection to date. We report the first isolation of Brucella pinnipedialis from a bearded seal. The isolate was recovered from the mesenteric lymph node of a bearded seal that stranded in Scotland and typed as ST24, a sequence type associated typically with pinnipeds. Furthermore, serological studies of free-ranging bearded seals in their native waters detected antibodies to Brucella in seals from the Chukchi Sea (1990−2011; 19%) and Svalbard (1995−2007; 8%), whereas no antibodies were detected in bearded seals from the Bering Sea or Bering Strait or from captive bearded seals.

• Sonne, Christian; Andersen-Ranberg, Emilie; Rajala, Elisabeth; Agerholm, Jørgen S.; Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva & Desforges, Jean-Pierre [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2018). Prevalence of antibodies against Brucella spp. in West Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and East Greenland muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). Polar Biology. ISSN 0722-4060. 41(9), p. 1671–1680. doi: 10.1007/s00300-018-2307-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Zoonotic infections transmitted from terrestrial and marine mammals to humans in European Arctic are of unknown significance, despite considerable potential for transmission due to local hunt and a rapidly changing environment. As an example, infection with Brucella bacteria may have significant impact on human health due to consumption of raw meat or otherwise contact with tissues and fluids of infected game species such as muskoxen and polar bears. Here, we present serological results for Baffin Bay polar bears (Ursus maritimus) (n = 96) and North East Greenland muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) (n = 32) for antibodies against Brucella spp. The analysis was a two-step trial initially using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT), followed by confirmative competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of RBT-positive samples. No muskoxen had antibodies against Brucella spp., while antibodies were detected in six polar bears (6.25%) rendering a seroprevalence in line with previous findings in other Arctic regions. Seropositivity was not related to sex, age or biometrics i.e. size and body condition. Whether Brucella spp. antibodies found in polar bears were due to either prey spill over or true recurrent Brucella spp. infections is unknown. Our results therefore highlight the importance of further research into the zoonotic aspects of Brucella spp. infections, and the impact on wildlife and human health in the Arctic region.

• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Rødven, Rolf; Beckmen, Kimberlee B.; Larsen, Anett Kristin; Tryland, Morten & Quakenbush, Lori [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Brucella antibodies in alaskan true seals and eared seals — two different stories. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 5(8). doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00008. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brucella pinnipedialis was first isolated from true seals in 1994 and from eared seals in 2008. Although few pathological findings have been associated with infection in true seals, reproductive pathology including abortions, and the isolation of the zoonotic strain type 27 have been documented in eared seals. In this study, a Brucella enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Rose Bengal test (RBT) were initially compared for 206 serum samples and a discrepancy between the tests was found. Following removal of lipids from the serum samples, ELISA results were unaltered while the agreement between the tests was improved, indicating that serum lipids affected the initial RBT outcome. For the remaining screening, we used ELISA to investigate the presence of Brucella antibodies in sera of 231 eared and 1,412 true seals from Alaskan waters sampled between 1975 and 2011. In eared seals, Brucella antibodies were found in two Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) (2%) and none of the 107 Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). The low seroprevalence in eared seals indicate a low level of exposure or lack of susceptibility to infection. Alternatively, mortality due to the Brucella infection may remove seropositive animals from the population. Brucella antibodies were detected in all true seal species investigated; harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (25%), spotted seals (Phoca largha) (19%), ribbon seals (Histriophoca fasciata) (16%), and ringed seals (Pusa hispida hispida) (14%). There was a low seroprevalence among pups, a higher seroprevalence among juveniles, and a subsequent decreasing probability of seropositivity with age in harbor seals. Similar patterns were present for the other true seal species; however, solid conclusions could not be made due to sample size. This pattern is in accordance with previous reports on B. pinnipedialis infections in true seals and may suggest environmental exposure to B. pinnipedialis at the juvenile stage, with a following clearance of infection. Furthermore, analyses by region showed minor differences in the probability of being seropositive for harbor seals from different regions regardless of the local seal population trend, signifying that the Brucella infection may not cause significant mortality in these populations. In conclusion, the Brucella infection pattern is very different for eared and true seals.

• Tryland, Morten; Beckmen, Kimberlee B.; Burek-huntington, Kathleen; Breines, Eva Marie & Klein, Joern (2018). Orf virus infection in Alaskan mountain goats, Dall’s sheep, muskoxen, caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 60(12). doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The zoonotic Orf virus (ORFV; genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmit‑ted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. Archived tissue samples from 16 Alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, n= 8), Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli, n= 3), muskox (Ovibos moschatus, n= 3), Sitka black‑tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n= 1) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, n= 1), were analyzed.Results: Clinical signs and pathology were most severe in mountain goats, affecting most mucocutaneous regions, including palpebrae, nares, lips, anus, prepuce or vulva, as well as coronary bands. The proliferative masses were solid and nodular, covered by dark friable crusts. For Dall’s sheep lambs and juveniles, the gross lesions were similar to those of mountain goats, but not as extensive. The muskoxen displayed ulcerative lesions on the legs. The caribou had two ulcerative lesions on the upper lip, as well as lesions on the distal part of the legs, around the main and dew claws. A large hairless spherical mass, with the characteristics of a fibroma, was sampled from a Sitka black‑tailed deer, which did not show proliferative lesions typical of an ORFV infection. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for B2L, GIF, vIL‑10 and AT I demonstrated ORFV specific DNA in all cases. Sequences from Dall’s sheep formed a separate cluster, comparable to ORFV from domestic sheep. Sequences from the other species were different from the Dall’s sheep sequences, but almost identical to each other.Conclusions: This is the first major investigation of parapoxvirus infections in large Alaskan game species, and the first report of parapoxvirus infection in caribou and Sitka black‑tailed deer. This study shows that most of the wild ruminant species in Alaska and from most parts of Alaska, can carry and be affected by ORFV. These findings call for attention to transmission of ORFV from wildlife to livestock and to hunters, subsistence harvesters, and wildlife biologists.

• Sonne, Christian; Andersen-Ranberg, Emilie; Rajala, Elisabeth; Agerholm, Jørgen S.; Bonefeld-Jørgensen, Eva & Desforges, Jean-Pierre [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). Seroprevalence for Brucella spp. in Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and East Greenland harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and hooded (Cystophora cristata) seals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. ISSN 0165-2427. 198, p. 14–18. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.02.005. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Zoonotic infections transmitted from marine mammals to humans in the Baltic and European Arctic are of unknown significance, despite given considerable potential for transmission due to local hunt. Here we present results of an initial screening for Brucella spp. in Arctic and Baltic seal species. Baltic ringed seals (Pusa hispida, n = 12) sampled in October 2015 and Greenland Sea harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus, n = 6) and hooded seals (Cystophora cristata, n = 3) sampled in March 2015 were serologically analysed for antibodies against Brucella spp. The serological analyses were performed using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) followed by a confirmatory testing of RBT-positive samples by a competitive-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA). Two of the Baltic ringed seals (a juvenile male and a juvenile female) were seropositive thus indicating previous exposure to a Brucella spp. The findings indicate that ringed seals in the Baltic ecosystem may be exposed to and possibly infected by Brucella spp. No seropositive individuals were detected among the Greenland harp and hooded seals. Although our initial screening shows a zoonotic hazard to Baltic locals, a more in-depth epidemiological investigation is needed in order to determine the human risk associated with this.

• Ricci, Antonia; Allende, Ana; Bolton, Declan; Chemaly, Marianne; Davies, Robert & Escamez, Pablo Salvador Fernandez [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2018). Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II). EFSA Journal. ISSN 1831-4732. 16(1). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease in two parts. Part one, on surveillance, animal health risk‐based measures and public health risks, was published in January 2017. This opinion (part two) addresses the remaining Terms of Reference, namely, ‘are the conclusions and recommendations in the EFSA opinion of June 2004 on diagnostic methods for chronic wasting disease still valid? If not, an update should be provided’, and ‘update the conclusions of the 2010 EFSA opinion on the results of the European Union survey on chronic wasting disease in cervids, as regards its occurrence in the cervid population in the European Union’. Data on the performance of authorised rapid tests in North America are not comprehensive, and are more limited than those available for the tests approved for statutory transmissible spongiform encephalopathies surveillance applications in cattle and sheep. There are no data directly comparing available rapid test performances in cervids. The experience in Norway shows that the Bio‐Rad TeSeE™ SAP test, immunohistochemistry and western blotting have detected reindeer, moose and red deer cases. It was shown that testing both brainstem and lymphoid tissue from each animal increases the surveillance sensitivity. Shortcomings in the previous EU survey limited the reliability of inferences that could be made about the potential disease occurrence in Europe. Subsequently, testing activity in Europe was low, until the detection of the disease in Norway, triggering substantial testing efforts in that country. Available data neither support nor refute the conclusion that chronic wasting disease does not occur widely in the EU and do not preclude the possibility that the disease was present in Europe before the survey was conducted. It appears plausible that chronic wasting disease could have become established in Norway more than a decade ago.

• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Mørk, Torill; Laaksonen, Sauli; Ågren, Erik; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena & Sunde, Marianne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): Microbiological study of clinically affected and unaffected animals with special reference to cervid herpesvirus 2. BMC Veterinary Research. ISSN 1746-6148. 14(15). doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1338-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is one of the most common ocular diseases in ruminants worldwide. In addition to keratitis and conjunctivitis, animals with IKC can develop uveitis, corneal ulcer, and in severe cases, blindness. The bacteria Moraxella spp. has been described as the primary causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in cattle (Bos taurus), while Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma conjunctivae are considered the main causative agents of IKC in sheep (Ovis aries). Previous studies indicated cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) as the primary causative agent of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The aim of the study was to investigate the presence and prevalence of potential pathogens for IKC in reindeer, and compare the ocular microbiota of animals with IKC, with apparently healthy animals. Results: Semi-domesticated reindeer (n = 341), with (n = 108) or without (n = 113) ocular clinical signs, or with no information on clinical status (n = 120), were sampled in Norway, Sweden and Finland in 2010–2014. Seroprevalence was 37.4% for alphaherpesvirus (95/254), 3.8% for gammaherpesvirus (8/211) and 7.1% for pestivirus (15/211) (ELISA). PCR analyses of conjunctival swab samples revealed a prevalence of 28.5% for CvHV2 (57/200), 11.9% for Chlamydiaceae (16/135) and 1.0% for M. conjunctivae (2/197). Bacteriological cultivation of 202 conjunctival swab samples revealed bacterial growth from 75.2% of the samples, with Moraxella spp. being isolated from 21.6% (11/51) of the animals with and 5.6% (5/84) without ocular clinical signs. A significant association (p < 0.001) existed between the presence of clinical signs of IKC and CvHV2 DNA in the affected eyes, an association that was not present for other microorganisms. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that CvHV2 is the primary agent of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer in Fennoscandia, with Moraxella bovoculi being a secondary candidate, since it was isolated in two different outbreaks of IKC. Further studies should be carried out to better understand the infection biology and the pathogenesis of IKC in reindeer.

• Okoli, Arinze Stanley; Okeke, malachy ifeanyi; Tryland, Morten & Moens, Ugo (2018). CRISPR/Cas9—Advancing Orthopoxvirus Genome Editing for Vaccine and Vector Development. Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 10(50), p. 1–27. doi: 10.3390/v10010050. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology is revolutionizing genome editing approaches. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, flexibility, simplicity and low cost have made the CRISPR/Cas9 system preferable to other guided site-specific nuclease-based systems such as TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases) and ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases) in genome editing of viruses. CRISPR/Cas9 is presently being applied in constructing viral mutants, preventing virus infections, eradicating proviral DNA, and inhibiting viral replication in infected cells. The successful adaptation of CRISPR/Cas9 to editing the genome of Vaccinia virus paves the way for its application in editing other vaccine/vector-relevant orthopoxvirus (OPXV) strains. Thus, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to resolve some of the major hindrances to the development of OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors, including sub-optimal immunogenicity; transgene and genome instability; reversion of attenuation; potential of spread of transgenes to wildtype strains and close contacts, which are important biosafety and risk assessment considerations. In this article, we review the published literature on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in virus genome editing and discuss the potentials of CRISPR/Cas9 in advancing OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors. We also discuss the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating viruses of clinical relevance, the limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 and the current strategies to overcome them

• Gedvilaite, Alma; Tryland, Morten; Ulrich, Rainer G.; Schneider, Julia; Kurmauskaite, Vaida & Moens, Ugo [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Novel polyomaviruses in shrews (Soricidae) with close similarity to human polyomavirus 12. Journal of General Virology. ISSN 0022-1317. 98(12), p. 3060–3067. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000948. Show summary

  Shrews (family Soricidae) have already been reported to host microorganisms pathogenic for humans. In an effort to search for additional infectious agents with zoonotic potential, we detected polyomaviruses (PyVs) in common shrew, crowned shrew, and pygmy shrew (Sorex araneus, S. coronatus and S. minutus). From these, 11 full circular genomes were determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on large T protein sequences showed that these novel PyVs form a separate clade within the genus Alphapolyomavirus. Within this clade, the phylogenetic relationships suggest host-virus co-divergence. Surprisingly, one PyV from common shrew showed a genomic sequence nearly identical to that of the human polyomavirus 12 (HPyV12). This indicated that HPyV12 is a variant of a non-human PyV that naturally infects shrews. Whether HPyV12 is a bona fide human-tropic polyomavirus arising from a recent shrew-to-human transmission event or instead reflects a technical artefact, such as consumable contamination with shrew material, needs further investigation.

• Okeke, malachy ifeanyi; Okoli, Arinze Stanley; Diaz Canova, Diana Karina; Offor, Collins; Oludotun, Taiwo & Tryland, Morten [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Hazard characterization of modified vaccinia virus ankara vector: What are the knowledge gaps? Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 9(11:318), p. 1–29. doi: 10.3390/v9110318. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is the vector of choice for human and veterinary applications due to its strong safety profile and immunogenicity in vivo. The use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines against human and animal diseases must comply with regulatory requirements as they pertain to environmental risk assessment, particularly the characterization of potential adverse effects to humans, animals and the environment. MVA and recombinant MVA are widely believed to pose low or negligible risk to ecosystem health. However, key aspects of MVA biology require further research in order to provide data needed to evaluate the potential risks that may occur due to the use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to identify knowledge gaps in the biology of MVA and recombinant MVA that are of relevance to its hazard characterization and discuss ongoing and future experiments aimed at providing data necessary to fill in the knowledge gaps. In addition, we presented arguments for the inclusion of uncertainty analysis and experimental investigation of verifiable worst-case scenarios in the environmental risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA. These will contribute to improved risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA vaccines

• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Marcin, Nina; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Josefsen, Terje D. & Sørensen, Karen Kristine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Cervid herpesvirus 2 and not Moraxella bovoculi caused keratoconjunctivitis in experimentally inoculated semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 59:23, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0291-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Ricci, Antonia; Allende, A; Bolton, D.; Chemaly, M; Davies, R & Fernandez Escamez, PS [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2017). Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids. EFSA Journal. ISSN 1831-4732. 15(1). doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4667. Full text in Research Archive
• Tryland, Morten; Stubsjøen, Solveig Marie; Ågren, Erik Olof; Johansen, Bernt & Kielland, Camilla (2016). Herding conditions related to infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer: a questionnaire-based survey among reindeer herders. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 58(22). doi: 10.1186/s13028-016-0203-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Schürch, Anita; Schipper, Debby; Bijl, Maarten; Dau, Jim; Beckmen, Kimberly & Schapendonk, Claudia M.E. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Metagenomic survey for viruses in Western Arctic caribou, Alaska, through iterative assembly of taxonomic units. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 9:e0105227(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105227. Full text in Research Archive
• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Das Neves, Carlos G; Tryland, Morten; Bårdsen, Bård-Jørgen; Santos, R & Turchetti, Andreia Pereira [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2014). Brucella pinnipedialis hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) strain in the mouse model with concurrent exposure to PCB 153. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0147-9571. 37(3), p. 195–204. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.005.
• Okeke, Malachy Ifeanyi; Okoli, Arinze Stanley; Nilssen, Øivind; Moens, Ugo; Tryland, Morten & Bøhn, Thomas [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Molecular characterization and phylogenetics of Fennoscandian cowpox virus isolates based on the p4c and atip genes. Virology Journal. ISSN 1743-422X. 11, p. 1–16. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-11-119. Full text in Research Archive
• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Tryland, Morten; Åsbakk, Kjetil; Godfroid, Jacques & Larsen, Anett Kristin (2014). Brucella-infeksjoner hos sjøpattedyr - fortsatt ubesvarte spørsmål. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(5), p. 455–462.
• Pedersen, Åshild Ønvik; Josefsen, Terje D.; Mørk, Torill; Åsbakk, Kjetil; Das Neves, Carlos G & Hansen, Brage Bremset [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Svalbardreinen - økologi, parasitter og sjukdommer. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(2), p. 263–270.
• Tryland, Morten; Nesbakken, Truls; Robertson, Lucy J; Grahek-Ogden, Danica & Lunestad, Bjørn Tore (2014). Human pathogens in marine mammal meat - A northern perspective. Zoonoses and Public Health. ISSN 1863-1959. 61(6), p. 377–394. doi: 10.1111/zph.12080.
• Tryland, Morten; Klein, Joern & Das Neves, Carlos G (2014). Virusinfeksjoner hos reinsdyr. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(2), p. 230–241.
• Tryland, Morten; Klein, Joern; Berger, Therese; Josefsen, Terje D.; Das Neves, Carlos G & Oksanen, Antti [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Experimental parapoxvirus infection (contagious ecthyma) in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Veterinary Microbiology. ISSN 0378-1135. 162(2-4), p. 499–506. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.039.

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• Tryland, Morten (2022). Arctic One Health - Challenges for Northern Animals and People. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030878528. 573 p. Show summary

  This multidisciplinary book discusses the manifold challenges arctic marine and terrestrial wildlife, ecosystems and people face these times. Major health threats caused by the consequences of climate change, environmental pollution and increasing tourism in northern regions around the globe are explored. The most common infectious diseases in wild and domesticated arctic animals are reviewed and the impact they could have on circumpolar ecosystems as well as on the lives of arctic people are profoundly discussed. Moreover, the book reviews arctic hunting, herding and food conservation strategies and introduces veterinary medicine in remote indigenous communities. "Arctic One Health" is authored by experts based in arctic regions spanning from North America over Europe to Asia to cover a broad range of topics and perspectives. The book addresses researchers in Veterinary Medicine, Ecology, Microbiology and Anthropology. The book contributes towards achieving the UN Sustainable Developmental Goals, in particular SDG 15, Life on Land.

• Tryland, Morten & Kutz, Susan J. (2018). Reindeer and Caribou: Health and disease. CRC Press. ISBN 9781482250688. 533 p.

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• Rinaldo, Christine Hanssen & Tryland, Morten (2023). State-of-the-Art Virology Research in Norway. Viruses. ISSN 1999-4915. 15(12). doi: 10.3390/v15122383.
• Tryland, Morten; Lydersen, Christian; Kovacs, Kit M.; Rafter, Espen & Thoresen, Stein Istre (2021). Correction to: Serum biochemistry and haematology in wild and captive bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway (Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, (2021), 63, 1, (33), 10.1186/s13028-021-00598-8). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica (AVS). ISSN 0044-605X. 63(1). doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00602-1.
• Tømmervik, Hans; Rydén, Patrik; Bartsch, Annett; Goldenberg, Romain; Tryland, Morten & Riseth, Jan Åge [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Linkage between temperature anomalies and outbreaks of climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Arctic reindeer herds.
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Aurosell, Caroline; Fedorov, Valery; Hagström, Åsa; Kantanen, Juha & Leijon, Mikael [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2021). Seroprevalence of pestivirus – a potential viral health threat to semi-domesticated and wild reindeer in the Nordic countries and Russia. Show summary

  Eurasian tundra reindeer is a keystone species in the Arctic and sub-Arctic areas of the Nordic countries and Russia. While a few wild populations exist, semi-domesticated reindeer comprise most of the herds in these countries. Reindeer herding has been of great importance for the indigenous people in the Arctic for at least 500 years. Today, climate change and other anthropogenic changes are threatening the traditional ranges of reindeer herding, among other things, by increasing the prevalence of microbial pathogens. Pestiviruses are known to cause serious health problems in ungulates worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the current seroprevalence for pestiviruses in semi-domesticated (n=392) and wild reindeer (n=128). In addition, direct screening by a pan-pestivirus real-time RT-PCR in seronegative animals was performed. Seroprevalence was higher in Sweden (48.5%, n=133) and Norway (41.2%, n=119) as compared with Finland (2.5%, n=122) and Iceland (1.6%, n=128). No seropositive animals were detected in Russia (n=19). Real time RT-PCR of seronegative animals (n=156) from seropositive herds confirmed their negative status. These results confirm the circulation of pestivirus in semi-domesticated reindeer in Fennoscandia, and for the first time, detected pestivirus seropositive reindeer in Iceland. Further studies are needed to better understand epidemiology of the pestivirus infection and the effect of the virus on reindeer health and population dynamics.

• Rockström, Ulrika; Albihn, Ann; Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Ågren, Erik & Risvoll, Camilla [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Climate change will increase the risk for infectious diseases in the mouth and eyes of reindeer in the Nordic countries. Show summary

  Climate change and extreme weather events may increase the risk for infectious diseases and change their epidemiology. Reindeer herding in the Nordic countries will be heavily affected. Warmer winters and increased precipitation will cause more frequent freeze- thaw events and form an ice cover on the ground. This hinders the reindeers’ ability to both smell the forage under the ice and to reach it through digging. To avoid starvation, reindeer are fed with supplementary fodder in the field or in enclosures. This mitigation strategy is saving reindeer lives, but also leads to stress, increased animal density, and challenging hygienic conditions which increases the risks for infectious disease transmission. Infectious diseases of the mucosa of the eyes and mouth are increasingly observed. Examinations in the field and at slaughter have confirmed that herpesvirus and Chlamydia are important agents causing eye infections in reindeer. Serious oral infections, e.g. Orf and necrobacillosis are common causes to lesions in the mouth. These infections are highly contagious and require immediate action by the herder and measures to reduce animal suffering and economic loss for the herder include separating affected animals from healthy, medical treatment if possible, but also slaughter or euthanasia. Further studies on reindeer herder knowledge and perception regarding eye and mouth infections; how these affects the reindeer and herders’ strategies to handle this problem is ongoing.

• Albihn, Ann; Omazic, Anna; Hagström, Åsa; Tryland, Morten; Kantanen, Juha & Sanchez Romano, Javier [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Virome in Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia – Evidence from Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS). Show summary

  Reindeer husbandry is essential for the livelihood and culture of indigenous people in the Arctic. Parts of the herding areas are also used as pastures for farm animals, facilitating potential transmission of viruses between species. Further, following the COVID-19 pandemic, viruses circulating in the wild have received increased attention since they might be a potential threat for human health. Climate change influence the prevalence of infectious diseases for both humans and animals. Better knowledge is needed about the present situation of these diseases, to recognize future changes. This study aimed to detect known and previously unknown viruses in Eurasian tundra reindeer. In total, nasal swabs (575 animals) and rectal swabs (430 animals) were collected from healthy reindeer at slaughter in three herds in Norway, Sweden and Finland, respectively, and from two herds in Russia, twice from each herd during 2016-2019. Samples were pooled 5 by 5. NGS was performed on MiSeq (Illumina) with MiSeq Reagent kit v3 (600 cycle) after tagmentation with Nextera XT Index Kit (Illumina). Preliminary results from BLAST-homology search indicate the presence of viruses, associated with different wild and domesticated animal species, similar to e.g Betaherpesvirinae, Papillonaviridae, Adenoviridae, Parvoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Flaviviridae (Pegivirus and Pestivirus), Gammaherpesvirinae (Macavirus) and Smacoviridae. Several viral species previously found in reindeer were detected, as well as novel ones. The clinical relevance of these viruses in reindeer is largely unknown. Although, results indicate that it should be possible to find emerging viruses of relevance for both human and animal health, using reindeer as a sentinel species.

• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Davidson, Rebecca K.; Gilhuus, Marianne; Holmgren, Karin Elisabeth; Mørk, Torill & Lian, Hans [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Egglederbetennelse hos Svalbardryper i fangenskap. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 131(7), p. 444–445.
• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Magnuson, Emily Elisabeth & Li, Hong (2018). Serological screening for viral pathogens among semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from eight reindeer herding districts in Norway.
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Sørensen, Karen Kristine; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Mørk, Torill & Tryland, Morten (2018). Histopathological study of eye tissues from semi-domesticated reindeer with infectious keratoconjunctivitis caused by cervid herpesvirus 2 in an experimental setting. Show summary

  The aim of this study was to describe the histopathology of eye tissues caused by Cervid Herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in experimentally induced infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). IKC is a common disease in Scandinavian reindeer and can affect a great number of animals during outbreaks, with calves and young animals being the most susceptible age group. Eighteen 1-year old reindeer calves, seronegative for alphaherpesvirus and culture negative for Moraxella bovoculi, were inoculated with CvHV2 (Group 1, n = 5), a combination of CvHV2 and M. bovoculi (Group 2, n = 5), M. bovoculi (Group 3, n = 5) or sterile saline water as a negative control (Group 4, n = 3). All 10 animals inoculated with CvHV2, alone or in combination with M. bovoculi, developed clinical signs of IKC within 2-3 days after inoculation. Animals that were only inoculated with M. bovoculi did not develop lKC during the study period. All reindeer eyes, including the tissue from the periorbital region, were fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde in PBS within minutes after euthanization of the animals. Subsequently, tissues from the upper and lower eyelids, cornea and lacrimal glands were collected from each eye and processed routinely for histological examination. Paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were subjected to a blind histological examination. Major structures in the different tissues were graded in a five-grade severity scale, with 1 being used for normal tissue, 2 for mild pathological lesions, 3 for moderate inflammation, 4 for focal severe inflammation and 5 for general and severe inflammation. A general evaluation of the tissue was also performed, grading the whole section from 1 to 5. Histopathological analysis of the tissues collected from the experimental animals in groups 1 and 2 showed the presence of exudates, edema, hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrosis, vascular thrombosis, vascular necrosis, infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, pus and lymphoid follicle reaction. In contrast, no apparent pathology of the mucosal or corneal epithelium was visible in the tissues collected from groups 3 or 4. The histopathological examination showed that CvHV2 had the ability to cause severe pathology (i.e. inflammation, necrosis) in all ocular structures examined in our study, e.g. conjunctival tissue, cornea or lacrimal glands, while the M. bovoculi isolate used in the challenge experiment did not. These findings are consistent with the macroscopic lesions described in previous studies and support the theory of CvHV2 as a primary causative agent of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer.

• Routti, Heli; Bourgeon, Sophie; Diot, B.; Duale, Nur; Fisk, A. T. & Fossi, M. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2018). Sucking clams or hunting seals - consequences to walrus health.
• Tryland, Morten (2018). Skrantesjuken i Norge.
• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Sjøvoll, Anja; Christensen, Ellen; Lian, Hans; Tryland, Morten & Folkow, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Aspergillose hos Svalbardrype i fangenskap [Aspergillosis in a Svalbard grouse held in captivity]. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 9(129).
• Tryland, Morten (2017). Chronic wasting disease - a game changer for wild cervids and reindeer husbandry.
• Tryland, Morten (2017). Sykdommer hos rein - smittsom øyebetennelse og skrantesjuken.
• Tryland, Morten (2017). Skrantesjuken (CWD) - en ny utfordring for reindrifta?
• Mørk, Torill; Blomstrand, Berit Marie; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Gjerset, Britt & Tryland, Morten (2017). A case of sheep-associated Malignant catarrhal fever in domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Mørk, Torill; Laaksonen, Sauli; Ågren, Erik; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena & Sunde, Marianne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semidomesticated reindeer.
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Tryland, Morten; Angelos, John A.; Mørk, Torill; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena & Sørensen, Karen Kristine (2017). The pathogenic role of Moraxella bovoculi in infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer.
• Tryland, Morten; Beckmen, Kimberly; Burek-huntington, Kathleen; Breines, Eva Marie & Klein, Joern (2017). Orf virus in Alaskan mountain goats, Dall’s sheep, muskoxen, caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer – a zoonotic risk for hunters and game managers.
• Tryland, Morten (2016). CWD and reindeer husbandry.
• Tryland, Morten (2016). CWD and reindeer husbandry.
• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Rockström, Urlika; Mørk, Torill; Ågren, Erik Olof & Tryland, Morten (2016). Mixed infectious disease outbreak in a herd og semi-domesticated reindeer in Sweden: Alphaherpesvirus, parapoxvirus and oral necrobacillosis.
• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Marcin, Nina; Kiær, P; Kjenstad, OC & Mørk, Torill [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Reindeer alphaherpesvirus (CvHV2) and not Moraxella bovoculi caused infectious keratoconjunctivitis experimentally in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).
• Tryland, Morten (2015). Marine mammals and human health risks.
• Tryland, Morten; Sanchez Romano, Javier; Marcin, Nina; Sørensen, Karen Kristine; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena & Josefsen, Terje D. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). The cause of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer - an experimental approach.
• Liam, Marianne; Evans, Alina; Björck, S.; Esteruelas, Nuria Fandos; Beckmen, Kimberlee B. & Jones, K [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2015). ARTERIAL BLOOD-GAS EVALUATION BEFORE AND AFTER INTRANASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION IN CHEMICALLY IMMOBILIZED ARCTIC UNGULATES. Show summary

  Introduction Chemical immobilization using potent opioids and alpha-2-agonists is essential for wildlife research. However, adverse effects caused by respiratory depressant drugs have traditionally been neglected. This study evaluated the effects of intra-nasal oxygen administration in arctic ungulates under chemical restrain. Methods We evaluated different drug protocols for moose (3.37 mg etorphine, 15 mg acepromazine, 75 mg xylazine, n = 33 or 4.5 mg carfentanil, 100 mg xylazine, n = 17), caribou (1.5 mg carfentanil, 20 mg xylazine, n = 21 or 1.5 mg thiafentanil, 25 mg azaperone, 20 mg xylazine, n = 19), muskoxen (4 mg etorphine, 27 mg xylazine, n = 19), European bison (3.72 mg etorphine, 16.5 mg acepromazine, 78 mg xylazine, n = 12) and reindeer (10 mg medetomidine, 200 mg ketamine, n = 14) in Scandinavia and Alaska. Arterial blood was collected from the auricular artery immediately after induction and again after 10 minutes of 100% intranasal oxygen. For moose, one study group was not administered oxygen, rather had an immediate antagonism of xylazine with atipamezole. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was confirmed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results Severe hypoxemia (< 40 mmHg) was documented in all species. All animals had significant (p < 0.01) increase in PaO2 (> 80 mmHg) after oxygen treatment. Most animals showed symptoms of respiratory and/or metabolic acidosis with decreased pH (< 7.35), increased PaCO2 (> 45 mmHg) and increased lactate (> 8 mmol/L). PaCO2 significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas lactate significantly (p < 0.05) decreased between samples. Immediate antagonism of xylazine resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in PaO2 > 68mmHg, but not in PaCO2. Conclusion Intranasal oxygen supplementation improved arterial oxygen. Blood-gas utilization has motivated employment of intranasal oxygen, and revised drug protocols for moose and caribou to include early reversal of the alpha-2-agonist.

• Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Tryland, Morten; Bagues, MPJ; Frie, Anne Kirstine Højholt; Haug, Tore & Foster, G. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Is Brucella pinnipedalis unable to sustain a longterm infection in hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)?
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Tryland, Morten; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Mørk, Torill; Josefsen, Terje D. & Sørensen, Karen Kristine (2015). Severe transmissible eye infection in reindeer: bacterium or virus? Show summary

  Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) is considered to be a multifactorial disease, which can affect tens of animals during an outbreak, and lead to the destruction of the eye and blindness. Serum and conjunctival swab samples from 321 healthy and diseased (IKC) Scandinavian reindeer have been analyzed by bacteriological cultivation, PCR and ELISA, revealing the presence of Moraxella sp., among other bacteria and Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) and antibodies against CvHV2. To determine the primary agent of a disease in a natural environment can be difficult due to uncontrolled factors. An experimental infection was performed in order to conclude if CvHV2 or Moraxella bovoculi, alone or in combination, are determining factors for the development of IKC in reindeer. Twentyone healthy reindeer (seronegative for CvHV2 and culture negative for M. bovoculi) were selected for the experiment. Reindeer were inoculated with M. bovoculi (group 1, n=5), M. bovoculi and CvHV2 (group 2, n=5), CvHV2 (group 3, n=5) and physiological salt water (controls, group 4, n=3). Groups 1 and 4 showed no signs of IKC, while all animals in groups 2 and 3 developed intense lacrimation, swollen eyelids, corneal oedema and, in two cases, corneal ulcer. Specific antibodies against CvHV2 were detected by ELISA 6 days after inoculation. Few colonies of M. bovoculi and other microorganisms were detected along the experiment, which may suggest the possibility of secondary bacterial infections if the disease was allowed to develop beyond the defined experiment end-point. Until further analysis of the data and samples produced by this study, it can be concluded that CvHV2 is a primary agent of IKC in reindeer, whereas M. bovoculi did not seem to be involved as a determinant agent, even if the bacterium has been associated with severe stages of IKC in reindeer during outbreaks.

• Das Neves, Carlos G; Hareide, ellinor; Breines, Eva Marie; Evans, Alina; Aanes, R & Arnemo, Jon Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Assessment of viral pathogens in Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus): An example of ecological and geographical driven viral extinction?
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Marcin, Nina; Lille-Mæhlum, Tone; Das Neves, Carlos G; Laaksonen, Sauli & Ågren, Erik Olof [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in reindeer and the role of Cervid Herpesvirus 2. Show summary

  Cervid Herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is endemic in most populations of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The capacity of this virus to infect the respiratory and genital tracts and the ocular mucosa has been demonstrated. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is one of the most common ocular diseases in ruminants worldwide, causing keratitis, uveitis, ulceration, conjunctivitis and in severe cases blindness. Moraxella spp., Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma conjunctivae have been described as primary agents in other ruminants, but we have indications that CvHV2 is associated to IKC as a primary agent in reindeer. To address this further, 372 reindeer from three different subspecies, with (n=104) and without (n=268) IKC, were sampled (2010 - 2012): 9 wild and 255 semi-domesticated reindeer (R. t. tarandus) in Norway, and Norway, Sweden and Finland, respectively, 20 Finnish forest reindeer (R. t. fennicus), one of the largest populations of wild reindeer distributed in Finland and northwestern Russia, and 88 Svalbard reindeer (R. t. platyrhynchus), a subspecies exclusive of the Svalbard archipelago. Serum was tested for antibodies against CvHV-2 (ELISA) and swab samples obtained from conjunctiva were tested with PCR for CvHV-2 specific DNA. The presentation will summarize the data from these reindeer populations and shed new light on the association between CvHV-2 and IKC in reindeer.

• Tryland, Morten (2014). "Reinpest" og andre epizootier hos rein i Fennoskandia - et historisk tilbakeblikk. Norsk Veterinærtidsskrift. ISSN 0332-5741. 126(2), p. 154–160.
• Sanchez Romano, Javier; Tryland, Morten; Nymo, Ingebjørg Helena; Larsen, Anett Kristin & Sørensen, Karen Kristine (2019). Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in reindeer - The role of the reindeer alphaherpesvirus. UiT Norges arktiske universitet. ISSN 978-82-8266-163-8. Show summary

  Semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) have been herded in Fennoscandia for hundreds of years. Many infectious diseases have struck semi- domesticated reindeer herds during this period, e.g. anthrax, necrobacillosis and pasteurellosis, as well as the reindeer pest, Pestis tarandi. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), a widespread ocular disease among ruminants, is not an exception and large outbreaks have taken place in semi-domestic reindeer. IKC is often neglected as a disease of lesser importance; since in most cases only a few animals are affected and with a mild clinical manifestation, i.e. increased lacrimation, ocular discharge or mild conjunctivitis. However, in some cases, the disease spreads among the herd, affecting tens or hundreds of animals and severe clinical signs can appear, i.e. purulent secretions, corneal and periorbital edema, severe conjunctivitis, and keratitis, which sometimes progress to corneal ulcers and rupture of the eye globe. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathogenesis of IKC in reindeer. In order to accomplish this objective and better understand how the disease develops, the main candidates as primary causative agents of IKC in reindeer, i.e. Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2), Moraxella spp. and Chlamydia spp, were studied. In the work presented here, CvHV2 is reported as a major component in the development of the disease. Both as the primary causative agent, being able to cause the clinical signs and pathology associated with IKC in reindeer, and as an initiator of a primary infection, destroying the mucosal membranes of the eye and facilitating secondary bacterial infections that worsen the clinical signs of affected animals. It was also discovered how bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae, under the right circumstances, can be involved in IKC outbreaks in reindeer. This study has further emphasized the need for early detection of the pathogens involved. The lack of a suitable treatment against CvHV2 and its enzootic status make it difficult to control outbreaks of IKC with viral origin. The characterization of the pathogenicity of Moraxella bovoculi reindeer isolates would also help to determine whether this bacterium is a primary or opportunistic agent in the pathogenesis of IKC. The zoonotic potential of the chlamydial species identified during the outbreak remains unclear, but cannot be excluded, making preventive measures to avoid transmission of this pathogen from animal to herder while working with affected animals. Hence, more information is needed regarding both viral and bacterial agents involved in the pathogenesis of IKC in reindeer, and further investigations must be completed in order to fully understand this multifactorial and complex disease.

• Nordgård, Lise; Olsen, Elisabeth; Furuholmen, IS; Tryland, Morten & Nielsen, Kaare Magne (2017). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Marker Genes (ARMG) in Selected Environments in Norway – Reindeer, M909|2017. Miljødirektoratet.
• Tranulis, Michael A.; Tryland, Morten; Kapperud, Georg; Skjerve, Eystein; Gudding, Roar & Grahek-Ogden, Danica [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2016). CWD in Norway. Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-216-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA) and Norwegian Environmental Authority (NEA) asked the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) for an opinion on factors associated with the introduction of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) to Norway. VKM appointed a working group consisting of two members of the Panel on Biological Hazards, one member of Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, and two external experts to prepare the answer to the questions. The Panel on Biological Hazards has reviewed and revised the draft prepared by the working group and approved the opinion. CWD was diagnosed in March 2016 in a wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from the Nordfjella mountain area in Norway and in May and June in two mooses (Alces alces) in Selbu in South Trøndelag County, approximately 300 km north from the first case. There is currently no information to determine the origin(s) of CWD agents in Norway. However, the sporadic or genetic (somatic mutation) occurrence of prion disease in cervids cannot be excluded, nor can introduction from North America or other countries. Furthermore, there is no evidence that it has not been circulating at low levels in the Norwegian cervid populations for years, but has not previously been identified. In this scientific opinion, information on prion diseases in general, and CWD in particular, is presented in the light of experiences with this disease in North America. Prions are among the most resilient pathogens known and dissemination of prions into ecosystems is likely to result in long-term problems. Prions bind strongly to soil and remain infectious. In CWD, prions are present in most peripheral organs and also shed into the environment via saliva, faeces, and urine, as well as with the placenta. CWD transmits easily among cervids, either through direct contact, or indirectly via the environment. Migration of animals is relevant for the spread between areas. Strain diversification might occur in CWD and may influence transmission properties of the agents. Clinical signs of CWD are non-specific and do not alone enable confirmation of the diagnosis. Analysis of tissue from the brainstem at the level of the obex by approved methods is necessary for diagnosis of CWD. Prion infectivity is assessed by bioassays, often involving transgenic mice. In vitro conversion assays, like protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), provide sensitive quantification of converting activity, which is a good approximation of infectivity. Genetic variation (polymorphisms) in the gene that encodes PrP (PRNP) can modulate sensitivity towards CWD. The level of such genetic variation in Norwegian wild and semi- domesticated cervids is currently unknown. Cattle and sheep are at very low risk of developing CWD and it is highly unlikely that prion diseases in sheep or cattle are the origin of CWD. VKM Report 2016: 26 6 Although transmission of CWD to humans has never been known to occur, and animals other than cervids have not been found to be infected, indicating a species barrier, this possibility cannot be excluded. Thus, measures for reduction of human exposure are recommended. Taking into account uncertainties regarding the plasticity of the CWD agents and the lack of transmission data from the Norwegian isolates, this scientific opinion considers the zoonotic risk of CWD to be very low.

• Lassen, Jørgen Fredrik; Kapperud, Georg; Lunestad, Bjørn Tore; Robertson, Lucy Jane; Tranulis, Michael A. & Yazdankhah, Siamak Pour [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2014). Comparison of organic and conventional food and food Production. Part IV: Human health – hygiene and pathogens . Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-132-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Eckner, Karl Fredrich; Lunestad, Bjørn-Tore; Robertson, Lucy; Holene, Edel; Rivedal, Edgar & Kapperud, Georg [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2014). Kvalitetskrav for vann til jordvanning. Uttalelse fra Faggruppen for hygiene og smittestoffer i Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-133-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Lassen, Jørgen Fr; Eckner, Karl Fredrich; Kapperud, Georg; Lunestad, Bjørn Tore; Nesbakken, Truls & Nygård, Karin Maria [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). Assessment of probiotics in infant formula and cereal based baby foods containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 – update 2014. Opinion of the Panel on biological hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). ISSN 978-82-8259-130-0. Full text in Research Archive

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