Camilla Høivik Carlsen

• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Severin, Cecilia; Sandbakk, Øyvind & Baumgart, Julia Kathrin (2022). Comparison of Race Time-Differences Between and Within Para and Able-Bodied Cross-Country Skiers. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. ISSN 2624-9367. 3. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2021.823014. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: To compare differences in race time (i.e., the average percent difference in race time for each skier compared to the winner, RTdiffs) between female and male Para and able-bodied (AB) skiers, and to examine whether RTdiffs change across seasons. Methods: Race data from World Cups (WCs), World Championships (WCHs), and Paralympic/Olympic Winter Games (PWG/OWGs) of the 2011–2020 seasons was extracted from the website of the International Paralympic Committee and the International Ski Federation. All individual distance races for female and male visually impaired standing (VI), physically impaired sitting (SIT) and standing (STAND), and AB skiers with ≥10 competitors were included in the analyses. We investigated the main effect of skiing groups (i.e., VI, STAND, SIT, and AB skiers) and sex on RTdiffs for top-3 and top-8 skiers. Furthermore, the main effect of season and skiing group on RTdiffs for top-3 and top-8 skiers were investigated. All models were adjusted for distance, skiing style (classical- and freestyle), and event type (WC, WCH, and PWG/OWG). Results: RTdiffs were significantly larger in Para compared to AB skiers (top-3: 2.1 vs. 0.9%; top-8: 6.2 vs. 2.1%, all p < 0.01), and in female compared to male skiers (top-3: 1.8 vs. 1.3%; top-8: 4.9 vs. 3.5%, all p < 0.05). For top-3 skiers, RTdiffs did not significantly differ between the Para categories (all p > 0.2), while for top-8 skiers RTdiffs were significantly larger for VI compared to SIT and STAND (7.0 vs. 5.5 and 5.6%, respectively, all p < 0.05). RTdiffs were stable across the 2011–2020 seasons for top-3 skiers (VI: 1.7–3.6%, STAND: 1.1–2.2%, SIT: 1.0–3.9%, AB: 0.4–1.1%; all p > 0.1) and top-8 skiers (VI: 3.4–12.0%, STAND: 2.6–5.7%, SIT: 1.9–5.9%, AB: 0.1–1.7%; all p > 0.1). Conclusion: The larger RTdiffs in Para compared to AB skiers indicate larger variability in performance, which are in part disability related. Female skiers displayed larger RTdiffs than their male counterparts, indicating larger variability in performance among the female skiers. Our results provide insights about performance demands in Para cross-country skiing, which is of relevance for coaches and skiers.

• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Baumgart, Julia Kathrin; Kocbach, Jan; Haugnes, Pål ; Paulussen, Evy M. B. & Sandbakk, Øyvind (2021). Framework for in-field analyses of performance and sub-technique selection in standing para cross-country skiers. Sensors. ISSN 1424-8220. 21(14), s. 1–12. doi: 10.3390/s21144876. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Our aims were to evaluate the feasibility of a framework based on micro-sensor technology for in-field analyses of performance and sub-technique selection in Para cross-country (XC) skiing by using it to compare these parameters between elite standing Para (two men; one woman) and able-bodied (AB) (three men; four women) XC skiers during a classical skiing race. The data from a global navigation satellite system and inertial measurement unit were integrated to compare time loss and selected sub-techniques as a function of speed. Compared to male/female AB skiers, male/female Para skiers displayed 19/14% slower average speed with the largest time loss (65 ± 36/35 ± 6 s/lap) found in uphill terrain. Female Para/AB skiers utilized DP, DK, and DIA, 61/43%, 15/10%, and 25/47% of the distance at low speeds, respectively, while the corresponding numbers for male Para/AB skiers were 58/18%, 1/13%, and 40/69%. At higher speeds, female Para/AB skiers utilized DP and OTHER, 26/52% and 74/48% of the distance, respectively, while corresponding numbers for male Para/AB skiers were 29/66% and 71/34%. This indicates different speed thresholds of the classical sub-techniques for Para than AB skiers. The framework provides a point of departure for large-scale international investigations of performance and related factors in Para XC skiing.

• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; McGhie, David; Baumgart, Julia Kathrin & Sandbakk, Øyvind (2021). Comparison of Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Flat and Uphill Cross-Country Sit-Skiing in Able-Bodied Athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 16(11), s. 1596–1602. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0752. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trøen, Erik; Rud, Bjarne; Karlsson, Øyvind; Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Gilgien, Matthias & Paulsen, Gøran [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Pole Length’s Influence on Performance During Classic-Style Snow Skiing in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (IJSPP). ISSN 1555-0265. 15(6), s. 884–891. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0310. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: To investigate how self-selected pole length (PL) of ∼84% (PL84%) compared with ∼90% (PL90%) of body height influenced performance during a 700-m time trial with undulating terrain on snow. Methods: Twenty-one cross-country skiers, 7 of whom were women, performed 4 trials at a maximal effort in a counterbalanced fashion with PL84% and PL90% separated by 20-minute breaks between trials. In trials I and II, only double poling was allowed, while in trials III and IV, skiers used self-selected classical subtechniques. Continuous speed, cyclic parameters, and heart rate were collected using microsensors in addition to a post-time-trial rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results: The 700-m times with only double poling were significantly shorter with PL90% than PL84% (mean ± 95% confidence limits –1.6% ± 1.0%). Segment analyses showed higher speed with PL90% in uphill sections than with PL84% (3.7% ± 2.1%), with the greatest difference found for the female skiers (5.6% ± 2.9%). In contrast, on flat terrain at high skiing speeds, speed was reduced with PL90% compared with PL84% (–1.5% ± 1.4%); this was only significant for the male skiers. During free choice of classical subtechniques, PL did not influence performance in any segments, choice of subtechnique, or cycle rate during the trials. No differences in rating of perceived exertion or heart rate between PLs were found. Conclusions: PL90% improved performance in uphills at low speeds when using double poling but hindered performance on flat terrain and at higher speeds compared with self-selected PLs. Choice of PL should, therefore, be based on racecourse topography, preferred subtechniques, and the skier’s physiological and technical abilities.

• Losnegard, Thomas Johansen; Tosterud, Ola Kristoffer; Trøen, Erik; Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Paulsen, Gøran & Rud, Bjarne (2019). The influence of pole lengths on O2-cost, kinematics, and performance in double poling at high speeds before and after a training period with long poles. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 119(11-12), s. 2579–2587. doi: 10.1007/s00421-019-04237-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: Previous studies have found an acute performance improvement with longer pole lengths in double poling (DP) at low-to-moderate speeds. We investigated the influence of pole lengths (PL) on O2-cost, 3D kinematics, and performance in DP at moderate-to-high speeds before (Pre) and after (Post) eight training sessions with long poles on a rollerski treadmill. Methods: Seven male and four female skiers completed tests with two different PLs (84 and 90% of body height). Submaximal O2-cost (1º; 4.5 [females] or 6 m s−1 [males]) and a peak velocity test (1º; ∼  7.3 m s−1) were assessed before and after a six week training period. The training sessions consisted of 50 min of low-moderate intensity training and 4 × 10 s maximal sprints with PL90%. Results: On average for all tests, PL84% induced 1.0 ± 1.0% higher peak velocity compared to PL90% (mean ± CI) with no difference in vertical displacement of center of mass (COMz). From Pre to Post, peak velocity and cycle time were increased and the displacement of COMz were reduced similarly for both PLs. At moderate speed, PL90% induced less displacement of COMz with subsequent 1.1 ± 0.7% lower O2-cost compared to PL84%. From Pre to Post, the O2-cost and COMz were reduced similarly for both PLs. Conclusions: Longer PL than skiers self-selected lengths reduce O2-cost at moderate speeds, but induced lower peak velocity. Eight sessions of training with PL90% did not influence the difference between PL84% and PL90% on O2-cost, kinematics or peak velocity.

• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Rud, Bjarne; Myklebust, Håvard & Losnegard, Thomas Johansen (2017). Pole lengths influence O2-cost during double poling in highly trained cross-country skiers. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. 118(2), s. 271–281. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3767-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose: In elite cross-country skiing, double poling is used in different terrain. This study compared O2-cost and kinematics during double poling with four different pole lengths [self-selected (SS), SS − 5 cm, SS + 5 cm, SS + 10 cm] at Low versus Moderate incline. Methods: Thirteen highly trained male cross-country skiers (mean ± SD 23 ± 3 years; 182 ± 4 cm; 77 ± 6 kg) completed eight submaximal trials with roller skis on a treadmill at two conditions: “Low incline” (1.7°; 4.5 m s−1) and “Moderate incline” (4.5°; 2.5 m s−1) with each of the four pole lengths. O2-cost and 3D body kinematics were assessed in each trial. Results: In Low incline, SS + 10 cm induced a lower O2-cost than all the other pole lengths [P < 0.05; effect size (ES) 0.5–0.8], whereas no differences were found between the remaining pole lengths (P > 0.05; ES 0.2–0.4). In Moderate incline, significant differences between all pole lengths were found for O2-cost, with SS − 5 cm > SS > SS + 5 cm > SS + 10 cm (P < 0.05; ES 0.6–1.8). The relative differences in O2-cost between SS and the other pole lengths were greater in Moderate incline than Low incline (SS − 5 cm; 1.5%, ES 0.8, SS + 5 cm; 1.3%, ES 1.0, and SS + 10 cm; 1.9%, ES 1.0, all P < 0.05). No difference was found in cycle, poling or reposition times between pole lengths. However, at both conditions a smaller total vertical displacement of center of mass was observed with SS + 10 cm compared to the other pole lengths. Conclusion: Increasing pole length from SS − 5 cm to SS + 10 cm during double poling induced lower O2-cost and this advantage was greater in Moderate compared to Low incline.

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• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Baumgart, Julia Kathrin; Kocbach, Jan; Haugnes, Pål ; Paulussen, Evy M. B. & Sandbakk, Øyvind (2021). Framework for in-field performance and sub-technique analyses in standing Para cross-country skiers.
• Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Sandbakk, Øyvind; Severin, Cecilia & Baumgart, Julia Kathrin (2021). Performance differences between elite Para and able-bodied cross-country skiers .
• Paulussen, Evy; Carlsen, Camilla Høivik; Haugnes, Pål ; Kocbach, Jan; Sandbakk, Øyvind & Baumgart, Julia Kathrin (2019). Comparison of performance, cycle kinematics and sub-technique selection between standing Paralympic and able-bodied cross-country skiers in a classical competition: a case series.

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