John Linnell

• Iannino, Elena; Linnell, John Durrus; Devineau, Olivier; Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny & Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt (2024). Assessing the potential of camera traps for estimating activity pattern compared to collar-mounted activity sensors: a case study on Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in south-eastern Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01263.
• Cano Martinez, Rocio; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Devineau, Olivier [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Bottom-up rather than top-down mechanisms determine mesocarnivore interactions in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 14(e11064), s. 1–15. doi: 10.1002/ece3.11064. Vis sammendrag

  Interactions among coexisting mesocarnivores can be influenced by different factors such as the presence of large carnivores, land-use, environmental productivity, or human disturbance. Disentangling the relative importance of bottom-up and topdown processes can be challenging, but it is important for biodiversity conservation and wildlife management. The aim of this study was to assess how the interactions among mesocarnivores (red fox Vulpes vulpes, badger Meles meles, and pine marten Martes martes) were affected by large carnivores (Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and wolf Canis lupus), land cover variables (proportion of agricultural land and primary productivity), and human disturbance, as well as how these top-down and bottom-up mechanisms were influenced by season. We analyzed 3 years (2018–2020) of camera trapping observations from Norway and used structural equation models to assess hypothesized networks of causal relationships. Our results showed that land cover variables were more strongly associated with mesocarnivore detection rates than large carnivores in Norway. This might be caused by a combination of low density of large carnivores in an unproductive ecosystem with strong seasonality. Additionally, detection rates of all mesocarnivores showed positive associations among each other, which were stronger in winter. The prevalence of positive interactions among predators might indicate a tendency to use the same areas and resources combined with weak interference competition. Alternatively, it might indicate some kind of facilitative relationship among species. Human disturbance had contrasting effects for different species, benefiting the larger mesocarnivores (red fox and badger) probably through food subsidization, but negatively affecting apex predators (wolf and lynx) and smaller mesocarnivores (pine marten). In a human-dominated world, this highlights the importance of including anthropogenic influences in the study of species interactions.

• Elves‑Powell, Joshua; Dolan, Jai; Durant, Sarah M.; Lee, Hang; Linnell, John Durrus & Turvey, Samuel T. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Integrating local ecological knowledge and remote sensing reveals patterns and drivers of forest cover change: North Korea as a case study. Regional Environmental Change. ISSN 1436-3798. 24(3). doi: 10.1007/s10113-024-02254-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mayhew, Darwin Steuart-Menzies; Hearn, Andrew J.; Devineau, Olivier; Linnell, John Durrus & Macdonald, David W. (2024). Loss of Sunda clouded leopards and forest integrity drive potential impacts of mesopredator release on vulnerable avifauna. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. 10(12). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32801. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cano-Martínez, Rocío; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Devineau, Olivier [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Bottom-up rather than top-down mechanisms determine mesocarnivore interactions in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 14(3). doi: 10.1002/ece3.11064. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dawson, Stuart; Dawson, Courtenay; Kennedy, Malcolm S.; Kreplins, Tracey L.; Linnell, John Durrus & Fleming, Patricia A. (2023). Knowledge and values drive acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos among the Australian public. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 289. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110416. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives.Wildlife management actions are increasingly contingent on acceptance by the broader public. Consequently, understanding factors that influence acceptability of different management options is important. In Australia, kangaroos (native large herbivores, Macropus spp., Osphranter spp.) are managed using lethal control for a range of context-specific reasons. We surveyed 1293 members of the Australian public to test whether acceptability of lethal control of kangaroos depends on the reason for the control, values towards wildlife (assessed using the Wildlife Values Orientation questionnaire), and knowledge about kangaroos. We also tested whether acceptability could be shifted by providing relevant information. Lethal control of kangaroos for biocentric reasons (i. e., agricultural protection, biodiversity conservation, animal welfare) was more acceptable than lethal control of kangaroos for anthropocentric reasons (i.e., human consumption, human safety). Acceptability was greater among survey respondents high on the domination orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for human benefits), and lower among those high on the mutualism orientation (i.e., valuing wildlife for its own intrinsic value). Acceptability was also positively associated with knowledge of kangaroo ecology and management. Provision of information did not impact acceptability of lethal control for any reason except for human use, which, while not significant, showed promise that acceptability of lethal control for this reason could be influential to the public. Additionally, while the acceptability of lethal control varied widely among the Australian population, there was little evidence of polarisation, suggesting that large sectors of the public may be amenable to different perspectives. Wildlife values orientation Population control Wildlife management Mutualism Domination Acceptability Macropod Harvest

• Bubnicki, Jakub W.; Norton, Ben; Baskauf, Steven J.; Bruce, Tom; Cagnacci, Francesca & Casaer, Jim [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Camtrap DP: an open standard for the FAIR exchange and archiving of camera trap data. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2056-3485. 10(3), s. 283–295. doi: 10.1002/rse2.374. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hoare, Richard; Linnell, John Durrus & Athreya, Vidya (2023). Animal capture and translocation. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 160–165. doi: doi.org/10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A.; Mattisson, Jenny; Krofel, Miha & Krojerová-Prokešová, Jarmila [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Integrating animal tracking datasets at a continental scale for mapping Eurasian lynx habitat. Diversity and Distributions: A Journal of Conservation Biogeography. ISSN 1366-9516. 29(12), s. 1546–1560. doi: 10.1111/ddi.13784. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: The increasing availability of animal tracking datasets collected across many sites provides new opportunities to move beyond local assessments to enable detailed and consistent habitat mapping at biogeographical scales. However, integrating wildlife datasets across large areas and study sites is challenging, as species' varying responses to different environmental contexts must be reconciled. Here, we compare approaches for large-area habitat mapping and assess available habitat for a recolonizing large carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Location: Europe. Methods: We use a continental-scale animal tracking database (450 individuals from 14 study sites) to systematically assess modelling approaches, comparing (1) global strategies that pool all data for training versus building local, site-specific models and combining them, (2) different approaches for incorporating regional variation in habitat selection and (3) different modelling algorithms, testing nonlinear mixed effects models as well as machine-learning algorithms. Results: Testing models on training sites and simulating model transfers, global and local modelling strategies achieved overall similar predictive performance. Model performance was the highest using flexible machine-learning algorithms and when incorporating variation in habitat selection as a function of environmental variation. Our best-performing model used a weighted combination of local, site-specific habitat models. Our habitat maps identified large areas of suitable, but currently unoccupied lynx habitat, with many of the most suitable unoccupied areas located in regions that could foster connectivity between currently isolated populations. Main Conclusions: We demonstrate that global and local modelling strategies can achieve robust habitat models at the continental scale and that considering regional variation in habitat selection improves broad-scale habitat mapping. More generally, we highlight the promise of large wildlife tracking databases for large-area habitat mapping. Our maps provide the first high-resolution, yet continental assessment of lynx habitat across Europe, providing a consistent basis for conservation planning for restoring the species within its former range. animal tracking, Eurasian lynx, habitat suitability, large carnivore, large-area mapping, Lynx lynx

• Tallian, Aimee Grace; Mattisson, Jenny; Samelius, Gustaf; Odden, John; Mishra, Charudutt & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Wild versus domestic prey: Variation in the kill-site behavior of two large felids. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 47. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02650. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Dickman, Amy; Gonzalez-Maya, Jose; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Hedges, Simon & Roe, Dilys [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Economic incentives. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 196–200. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Roy, Sugoto; Stevens, James ; Dickman, Amy; Pooley, Simon; Hoare, Richard & Hedges, Simon [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Lethal control tools. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 166–173. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Linnell, John Durrus & Sandström, Camilla (2023). Law and human-wildlife conflict. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 152–155. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Athreya, Vidya; Dhee, anon; Linnell, John Durrus; Nijawan, Sahil & Young, Juliette (2023). Traditional ecological knowledge. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 94–97. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Pooley, Simon; Hill, Catherine & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). How histories shape interactions. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 68–73. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Glikman, Jenny A.; Linnell, John Durrus & Pooley, Simon (2023). Culture and wildlife. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 62–67. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Thondlana, Gladman & Hedges, Simon (2023). Assessing the impacts of conflict. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 37–40. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Hill, Catherine; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; McQuinn, Brian; Redpath, Steven & Young, Juliette [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). The role of the conservationist. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 25–27. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Stokes, Allan William; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Pedersen, Simen (2023). Altitude, latitude and climate zone as determinants of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 13(10). doi: 10.1002/ece3.10548. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Allen, Benjamin L.; Bobier, Christopher; Dawson, Stuart; Fleming, Peter J.S.; Hampton, Jordan & Jachowski, David [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Why humans kill animals and why we cannot avoid it. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 896. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165283. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Angoh, Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten Martes martes occurrence in Norway. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. doi: 10.1002/wlb3.01113. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tucker, Marlee A.; Schipper, Aafke M.; Adams, Tempe S.F.; Attias, Nina; Avgar, Tal & Babic, Natarscha L. [Vis alle 82 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 380(6649), s. 1059–1064. doi: 10.1126/science.abo6499. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Oeser, Julian; Heurich, Marco Dietmar; Kramer‑Schadt, Stephanie; Andrén, Henrik; Bagrade, Guna & Belotti, Elisa [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Prerequisites for coexistence: human pressure and refuge habitat availability shape continental‑scale habitat use patterns of a large carnivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, s. 1713–1728. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01645-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Context Adjustments in habitat use by large carnivores can be a key factor facilitating their coexistence with people in shared landscapes. Landscape composition might be a key factor determining how large carnivores can adapt to occurring alongside humans, yet broad-scale analyses investigating adjustments of habitat use across large gradients of human pressure and landscape composition are lacking. Objectives Here, we investigate adjustments in habitat use by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in response to varying availability of refuge habitats (i.e., forests and rugged terrain) and human landscape modification.Methods Using a large tracking dataset including 434 individuals from seven populations, we assess functional responses in lynx habitat use across two spatial scales, testing for variation by sex, daytime, and season. Results We found that lynx use refuge habitats more intensively with increasing landscape modification across spatial scales, selecting forests most strongly in otherwise open landscapes and rugged terrain in mountainous regions. Moreover, higher forest availability enabled lynx to place their home ranges in more human-modified landscapes. Human pressure and refuge habitat availability also shaped temporal patterns of lynx habitat use, with lynx increasing refuge habitat use and reducing their use of human-modified areas during periods of high exposure (daytime) or high vulnerability (postnatal period) to human pressure. Conclusions Our findings suggest a remarkable adaptive capacity of lynx towards human pressure and underline the importance of refuge habitats across scales for enabling coexistence between large carnivores and people. More broadly, we highlight that the composition of landscapes determines how large carnivores can adapt to human pressure and thus play an important role shaping large carnivore habitat use and distributions. Animal tracking · Adjustment · Eurasian lynx · Functional response · Habitat availability · Lynx lynx

• Carter, Neil H. & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Building a resilient coexistence with wildlife in a more crowded world. PNAS Nexus. ISSN 2752-6542. 2(3), s. 1–8. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• De Groeve, Johannes; Van de Weghe, Nico; Ranc, Nathan; Morellet, Nicolas; Bonnot, Nadège C. & Gehr, Benedikt [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Back and forth: day–night alternation between cover types reveals complementary use of habitats in a large herbivore. Landscape Ecology. ISSN 0921-2973. 38, s. 1033–1049. doi: 10.1007/s10980-023-01594-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Context The Complementary Habitat Hypothesis posits that animals access resources for diferent needs by moving between complementary habitats that can be seen as ‘resource composites’. These movements can occur over a range of temporal scales, from diurnal to seasonal, in response to multiple drivers such as access to food, weather constraints, risk avoidance and human disturbance. Within this framework, we hypothesised that large herbivores cope with human-altered landscapes through the alternate use of complementary habitats at both daily and seasonal scales. Objectives We tested the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by classifying 3900 habitat-annotated movement trajectories of 154 GPS-monitored individuals across contrasting landscapes. Methods We considered day-night alternation between open food-rich and closed refuge habitats as a measure of complementary habitat use. We frst identifed day–night alternation using the Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method, then we modelled the proportion of day–night alternation over the year in relation to population and individual characteristics. Results We found that day-night alternation is a widespread behaviour in roe deer, even across markedly diferent landscapes. Day–night alternation followed seasonal trends in all populations, partly linked to vegetation phenology. Within populations, seasonal patterns of open/closed habitat alternation difered between male and female adults, but not in juveniles. Conclusion Our results support the Complementary Habitat Hypothesis by showing that roe deer adjust their access to the varied resources available in complex landscapes by including diferent habitats within their home range, and sequentially alternating between them in response to seasonal changes and individual life history. Animal trajectories · Habitat use · IM-SAM · Resource composites · Roe deer · Sequential analysis methods · Spatio-temporal patterns · Vegetation green up

• Rosen, Tatjana; Arazmurat, Amanov; Barashkova, Anna; Dieterich, Til; Hojamuradov, Hojamurad & Hudaikuliev, Nurmuhammet [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan, Proceedings from the International Cold Winter Desert Conference. Central Asian Desert Initiative 2-3 December 2021, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISSN 978-92-5-136958-6. s. 79–92. Vis sammendrag

  The Central Asian grassland, semi-desert and desert ecosystems are incredibly rich in biodiversity because of their location at the interface between different biogeographic areas and different ecological regions. These habitats are still largely continuous and interconnected and are home to wildlife assemblages that rival those of better-known regions like East Africa, with large herds of highly mobile large herbivores, rich communities of rodent herbivores, and many large, medium and small predators including mammals and birds. However, the cold deserts represent a globally unique ecosystem with rather distinctive community assemblages often consisting of both tropical and temperate species. For example, on a broad scale the wild cat community contains up to seven species: namely the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), caracal (Caracal caracal), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), Pallas cat (Otocolobus manul), Asiatic wild cat (Felis lybica ornata),Jungle cat (Felis chaus), and sand cat (Felis margarita) (Kitchener et a. 2017). Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was present in the ecoregion but has been extinct for >50 years (persisting today only in Islamic Republic of Iran). Unfortunately, Central Asia is currently an understudied region from the point of view of ecology and biodiversity. This is especially true in the past three decades since the post-Soviet transition. At present there is very little in the way of up-to-date information available on the status and distribution of species that can be used to inform conservation measures, such as better planning of anthropogenic development on the one hand and establishing an effective network of protected areas on the other. This task is becoming increasingly urgent as the whole region is coming under intense anthropogenic pressure from multiple sources (recreational pressures, poaching, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, renewable energy development, border security fencing, water extraction, farming and livestock grazing pressure) in addition to the ever-present specter of climate change. The objective of this communication is to summarise what is known about the status of these iconic wild cat species in Turkmenistan and southwestern Kazakhstan, presenting for the first time the results of camera-trapping and field surveys conducted during the last decade. Based on these preliminary results we present some initial recommendations for conservation actions.

• Oliveira, Teresa; Sanchez, David Carricondo; Mattisson, Jenny; Vogt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Predicting kill sites of an apex predator from GPS data in different multi-prey systems. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2778. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Kill rates are a central parameter to assess the impact of predation on preyspecies. An accurate estimation of kill rates requires a correct identificationof kill sites, often achieved by field-checking GPS location clusters (GLCs).However, there are potential sources of error included in kill-site identifica-tion, such as failing to detect GLCs that are kill sites, and misclassifying thegenerated GLCs (e.g., kill for nonkill) that were not field checked. Here, weaddress these two sources of error using a large GPS dataset of collared Eur-asian lynx (Lynx lynx), an apex predator of conservation concern in Europe, inthree multiprey systems, with different combinations of wild, semidomestic,and domestic prey. We first used a subsampling approach to investigate howdifferent GPS-fix schedules affected the detection of GLC-indicated kill sites.Then, we evaluated the potential of the random forest algorithm to classifyGLCs as nonkills, small prey kills, and ungulate kills. We show that thenumber of fixes can be reduced from seven to three fixes per night withoutmissing more than 5% of the ungulate kills, in a system composed of wild prey.Reducing the number of fixes per 24 h decreased the probability of detectingGLCs connected with kill sites, particularly those of semidomestic or domesticprey, and small prey. Random forest successfully predicted between 73%–90%of ungulate kills, but failed to classify most small prey in all systems, withsensitivity (true positive rate) lower than 65%. Additionally, removingdomestic prey improved the algorithm’s overall accuracy. We provide a setof recommendations for studies focusing on kill-site detection that can beconsidered for other large carnivore species in addition to the Eurasian lynx.We recommend caution when working in systems including domestic prey,as the odds of underestimating kill rates are higher.domestic prey, Eurasian lynx, GPS location clusters (GLCs), GPS-fix schedule, kill sites,multiprey system, random forest

• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Anders, Ole; Belotti, Elisa; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Bufka, Ludek [Vis alle 25 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 12(8). doi: 10.1002/ece3.9147. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Broekman, Maarten J. E.; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Mueller, Thomas; Ali, Abdullah H. & Andrén, Henrik [Vis alle 88 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Evaluating expert-based habitat suitability information of terrestrial mammals with GPS-tracking data. Global Ecology and Biogeography. ISSN 1466-822X. 31(8), s. 1526–1541. doi: 10.1111/geb.13523. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aim: Macroecological studies that require habitat suitability data for many species often derive this information from expert opinion. However, expert- based informa-tion is inherently subjective and thus prone to errors. The increasing availability of GPS tracking data offers opportunities to evaluate and supplement expert- based in-formation with detailed empirical evidence. Here, we compared expert- based habitat suitability information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with habitat suitability information derived from GPS-tracking data of 1,498 individu-als from 49 mammal species.Location: Worldwide.Time period: 1998–2021.Major taxa studied: Forty- nine terrestrial mammal species.Methods: Using GPS data, we estimated two measures of habitat suitability for each individual animal: proportional habitat use (proportion of GPS locations within a habi-tat type), and selection ratio (habitat use relative to its availability). For each individual we then evaluated whether the GPS- based habitat suitability measures were in agree-ment with the IUCN data. To that end, we calculated the probability that the ranking of empirical habitat suitability measures was in agreement with IUCN's classification into suitable, marginal and unsuitable habitat types.Results: IUCN habitat suitability data were in accordance with the GPS data (> 95% probability of agreement) for 33 out of 49 species based on proportional habitat use estimates and for 25 out of 49 species based on selection ratios. In addition, 37 and 34 species had a > 50% probability of agreement based on proportional habitat use and selection ratios, respectively.Main conclusions: We show how GPS-tracking data can be used to evaluate IUCN habitat suitability data. Our findings indicate that for the majority of species in-cluded in this study, it is appropriate to use IUCN habitat suitability data in macro-ecological studies. Furthermore, we show that GPS-tracking data can be used to identify and prioritize species and habitat types for re-evaluation of IUCN habitat suitability data expert opinion, GPS, habitat suitability, habitat type, habitat use, IUCN, mammals, movement, selection ratio, telemetry

• Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bischof, Richard; Mattisson, Jenny; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Smartphone app reveals that lynx avoid human recreationists on local scale, but not home range scale. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08468-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  utdoor recreation is increasing and afects habitat use and selection by wildlife. These efects are challenging to study, especially for elusive species with large spatial requirements, as it is hard to obtain reliable proxies of recreational intensity over extensive areas. Commonly used proxies, such as the density of, or distance to, hiking paths, ignore outdoor recreation occurring on other linear feature types. Here we utilized crowdsourced data from the Strava training app to obtain a large-scale proxy for pedestrian outdoor recreation intensity in southeast Norway. We used the proxy and GPS-tracking data from collared Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) to investigate how recreation afects habitat selection at the home range scale and local scale by lynx during summer. We ftted resource selection functions at the two scales using conditional logistic regression. Our analysis revealed that lynx avoided areas of recreational activity at the local scale, but not at home range scale. Nonetheless, lynx frequently used areas associated with recreation, and to a greater degree at night than during the day. Our results suggest that local-scale avoidance of recreation and temporal adjustments of habitat use by lynx mitigate the need for a home range-scale response towards recreation. Scale-dependent responses and temporal adjustments in habitat use may facilitate coexistence between humans and large carnivores.

• Cusack, Jeremy J.; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Israelsen, Markus Fjellstad; Andrén, Henrik; Grainger, Matthew & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Quantifying the checks and balances of collaborative governance systems for adaptive carnivore management. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 59(4), s. 1038–1049. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.14113. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Recovering or threatened carnivore populations are often harvested to minimise their impact on human activities, such as livestock farming or game hunting. Increasingly, harvest quota decisions involve a set of scientific, administrative and political institutions operating at national and sub- national levels whose interactions and collective decision- making aim to increase the legitimacy of management and ensure population targets are met. In practice, however, as-sessments of how quota decisions change between these different actors and what consequences these changes have on population trends are rare.2. We combine a state-space population modelling approach with an analysis of quota decisions taken at both regional and national levels between 2007 and 2018 to build a set of decision- making models that together predict annual har-vest quota values for Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Norway.3. We reveal a tendency for administrative decision- makers to compensate for consistent quota increases by political actors, particularly when the lynx popula-tion size estimate is above the regional target. Using population forecasts based on the ensemble of decision- making models, we show that such buffering of po-litical biases ensures lynx population size remains close to regional and national targets in the long term.4. Our results go beyond the usual qualitative assessment of collaborative gov-ernance systems for carnivore management, revealing a system of checks and balances that, in the case of lynx in Norway, ensures both multi-stakeholder participation and sustainable harvest quotas. Nevertheless, we highlight impor-tant inter- regional differences in decision- making and population forecasts, the socio- ecological drivers of which need to be better understood to prevent fu-ture population declines.5. Synthesis and applications. Our work analyses the sequence of decisions lead-ing to yearly quotas for lynx harvest in Norway, highlighting the collaborative and structural processes that together shape harvest sustainability. In doing so, we provide a predictive framework to evaluate participatory decision- making processes in wildlife management, paving the way for scientists and decision- makers to collaborate more widely in identifying where decision biases might lie and how institutional arrangements can be optimised to minimise them. We emphasise, however, that this is only possible if wildlife management decisions are documented and transparentcollaborative, decision-making, harvest, lynx, Norway, population forecast, quota, stakeholder

• Durant, Sarah M.; Marino, Agnese; Linnell, John Durrus; Oriol-Cotterill, Alayne; Dloniak, Stephanie & Dolrenry, Stephanie [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Fostering Coexistence Between People and Large Carnivores in Africa: Using a Theory of Change to Identify Pathways to Impact and Their Underlying Assumptions. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.698631. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). The Coexistence Potential of Different Wildlife Conservation Frameworks in a Historical Perspective. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711480. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Powell, Joshua; Axmacher, Jan C.; Linnell, John Durrus & Durant, Sarah M. (2021). Diverse Locations and a Long History: Historical Context for Urban Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Early Anthropocene From Seoul, Korea. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Law, Elizabeth; Linnell, John Durrus; Van Moorter, Bram & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2021). Heuristics for the sustainable harvest of wildlife in stochastic social-ecological systems. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 16(11), s. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260159. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sustainable wildlife harvest is challenging due to the complexity of uncertain social-ecological systems, and diverse stakeholder perspectives of sustainability. In these systems, semi-complex stochastic simulation models can provide heuristics that bridge the gap between highly simplified theoretical models and highly context-specific case-studies. Such heuristics allow for more nuanced recommendations in low-knowledge contexts, and an improved understanding of model sensitivity and transferability to novel contexts. We develop semi-complex Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) models capturing dynamics and variability in ecological processes, monitoring, decision-making, and harvest implementation, under a diverse range of contexts. Results reveal the fundamental challenges of achieving sustainability in wildlife harvest. Environmental contexts were important in determining optimal harvest parameters, but overall, evaluation contexts more strongly influenced perceived outcomes, optimal harvest parameters and optimal harvest strategies. Importantly, simple composite metrics popular in the theoretical literature (e.g. focusing on maximizing yield and population persistence only) often diverged from more holistic composite metrics that include a wider range of population and harvest objectives, and better reflect the trade-offs in real world applied contexts. While adaptive harvest strategies were most frequently preferred, particularly for more complex environmental contexts (e.g. high uncertainty or variability), our simulations map out cases where these heuristics may not hold. Despite not always being the optimal solution, overall adaptive harvest strategies resulted in the least value forgone, and are likely to give the best outcomes under future climatic variability and uncertainty. This demonstrates the potential value of heuristics for guiding applied management.

• Darul, Romane; Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Saveljev, Alexander P.; Seryodkin, Ivan V.; Linnell, John Durrus & Okarma, Henryk [Vis alle 31 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Coat Polymorphism in Eurasian Lynx: Adaptation to Environment or Phylogeographic Legacy? Journal of mammalian evolution. ISSN 1064-7554. doi: 10.1007/s10914-021-09580-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of fve phenotypes. Then we ftted the coat patterns to diferent environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the efective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly afected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the efect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not fnd well-defned signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change. Camouflage · Genetic drift · Mammal coloration · Last glacial maximum · Pelage polymorphism · Habitat suitability

• Cretois, Benjamin; Simmonds, Emily Grace; Linnell, John D. C.; van Moorter, Bram; Rolandsen, Christer M. & Solberg, Erling J. [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Identifying and correcting spatial bias in opportunistic citizen science data for wild ungulates in Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 11(21), s. 15191–15204. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8200. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Many publications make use of opportunistic data, such as citizen science observation data, to infer large-scale properties of species’ distributions. However, the few publications that use opportunistic citizen science data to study animal ecology at a habitat level do so without accounting for spatial biases in opportunistic records or using methods that are difficult to generalize. In this study, we explore the biases that exist in opportunistic observations and suggest an approach to correct for them. We first examined the extent of the biases in opportunistic citizen science observations of three wild ungulate species in Norway by comparing them to data from GPS telemetry. We then quantified the extent of the biases by specifying a model of the biases. From the bias model, we sampled available locations within the species’ home range. Along with opportunistic observations, we used the corrected availability locations to estimate a resource selection function (RSF). We tested this method with simulations and empirical datasets for the three species. We compared the results of our correction method to RSFs obtained using opportunistic observations without correction and to RSFs using GPS-telemetry data. Finally, we compared habitat suitability maps obtained using each of these models. Opportunistic observations are more affected by human access and visibility than locations derived from GPS telemetry. This has consequences for drawing inferences about species’ ecology. Models naïvely using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies can result in spurious inferences. However, sampling availability locations based on the spatial biases in opportunistic data improves the estimation of the species’ RSFs and predicted habitat suitability maps in some cases. This study highlights the challenges and opportunities of using opportunistic observations in habitat-use studies. While our method is not foolproof it is a first step toward unlocking the potential of opportunistic citizen science data for habitat-use studies. citizen science, habitat selection, opportunistic data, preferential sampling, spatial bias, ungulates

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Linnell, John Durrus; Berce, Tomaz; Boitani, Luigi; Cerne, Rok & Ciucci, Paolo [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Ecological correlates of large carnivore depredation on sheep in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 30. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01798. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sharing space with large carnivores on a human-dominated continent like Europe results in multiple conflictful interactions with human interests, of which depredation on livestock is the most widespread. We conducted an analysis of the impact by all four European large carnivores on sheep farming in 10 European countries, during the period 2010–2015. We ran a hierarchical Simultaneous Autoregressive model, to assess the influence of several ecological factors on the reported depredation levels. About 35,000 (SD = 4110) sheep kills were compensated in the ten countries as caused by large carnivores annually, representing 0.5% of the total sheep stock. Of them, 45% were recognized as killed by wolves, 24% by wolverines, 19% by lynx and 12% by bears. We found a positive relationship between wolf distribution and the number of compensated sheep, but not for the other three species. Depredation levels were lower in the areas where large carnivore presence has been continuous compared to areas where they disappeared and returned in the last 50 years. Our study shows that a few large carnivores can produce high damage, when the contribution of environmental, social, and economic systems predisposes for it, whereas large populations can produce a limited impact when the same components of the system reduce the probability that depredations occur. Time of coexistence plays in favour of a progressive reduction in the associated costs, provided that the responsible agencies focus their attention both on compensation and co-adaptation.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Van Moorter, Bram; Kaczensky, Petra; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Parada, Jorge Sicacha [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Coexistence of large mammals and humans is possible in Europe’s anthropogenic landscapes. iScience. ISSN 2589-0042. 24(9), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103083. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A critical question in the conservation of large mammals in the Anthropocene is to know the extent to which they can tolerate human disturbance. Surprisingly, little quantitative data is available about large-scale effects of human activity and land use on their broad scale distribution in Europe. In this study, we quantify the relative importance of human land use and protected areas as opposed to biophysical constraints on large mammal distribution. We analyze data on large mammal distribution to quantify the relative effect of anthropogenic variables on species' distribution as opposed to biophysical constraints. We finally assess the effect of anthropogenic variables on the size of the species' niche by simulating a scenario where we assumed no anthropogenic pressure on the landscape. Results show that large mammal distribution is primarily constrained by biophysical constraints rather than anthropogenic variables. This finding offers grounds for cautious optimism concerning wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2021). Camera trap records of leucistic Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in central Norway. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. s. 1–6. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8052. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coat coloration plays an important role in communication, camouflage, and sexual selection in animals. Genetic mutations can lead to anomalous colorations such as melanism and leucism, where animals appear, respectively, darker or lighter than normal. Reporting abnormal coloration in wild animals is an important first step to understand the distribution, prevalence, and potential fitness consequences of these rare events. Here, we report several records of suspected leucism in the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) in a population in central Norway. Several camera traps recorded at least two leucistic individuals between 2017 and 2020. It took considerable effort, almost 400,000 camera trap nights over a period of 10 years all over Norway, to obtain a total of eleven records of leucistic badgers, indicating the rarity of this phenotype. It is unclear what has caused the presence of multiple leucistic badgers in a single population, but recent colonization and lack of predators might have played a role. Due to our observations, future studies can now be developed to study the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences of leucism in this badger population. The increasing use of networks of camera traps in wildlife research will provide new opportunities to record rare coloration in wild animals. albinism, anomalous color, Coat coloration, Mustelidae

• Esmaeili, Saeideh; Jesmer, Brett R.; Albeke, Shannon E.; Aikens, Ellen O.; Schoenecker, Kathryn A. & King, Sarah R. B. [Vis alle 50 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross-taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters. ISSN 1461-023X. 24(10), s. 2178–2191. doi: 10.1111/ele.13848. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The forage maturation hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximised when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalisable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.

• Nair, Ramya; Dhee, anon; Patil, Omkar; Surve, Nikit; Andheria, Anish & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Sharing Spaces and Entanglements With Big Cats: The Warli and Their Waghoba in Maharashtra, India. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.683356. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Long histories of sharing space and resources have built complex, robust, and enduring relationships between humans and wildlife in many communities across the world. In order to understand what makes it possible for humans and wildlife to share space, we have to look beyond the ecological and socio-economic study of damages caused by human-wildlife conflict and explore the cultural and societal context within which co-existence is embedded. We conducted an exploratory study on the institution of Waghoba, a big cat deity worshiped by the Indigenous Warli community in Maharashtra, India. Through our research, we found that the worship of Waghoba is highly prevalent, with 150 shrines dedicated to this deity across our study site. We also learnt that the Warlis believe in a reciprocal relationship, where Waghoba will protect them from the negative impacts of sharing spaces with big cats if the people worship the deity and conduct the required rituals, especially the annual festival of Waghbaras. We propose that such relationships facilitate the sharing spaces between humans and leopards that live in the landscape. The study also revealed the ways in which the range of institutions and stakeholders in the landscape shape the institution of Waghoba and thereby contribute to the human-leopard relationship in the landscape. This is relevant for present-day wildlife conservation because such traditional institutions are likely to act as tolerance-building mechanisms embedded within the local cosmology. Further, it is vital that the dominant stakeholders outside of the Warli community (such as the Forest Department, conservation biologists, and other non-Warli residents who interact with leopards) are informed about and sensitive to these cultural representations because it is not just the biological animal that the Warlis predominantly deal with.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert; Linnell, John Durrus; Zuther, Steffen; Walzer, Chris & Huber, Nikolaus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Post-release Movement Behaviour and Survival of Kulan Reintroduced to the Steppes and Deserts of Central Kazakhstan. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.703358. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) were once a key species of the Eurasian steppes and deserts. In Kazakhstan they went extinct by the 1930s. Early reintroductions have reestablished the species in two protected areas, but the species has reclaimed <1% of their former range and remained absent from central Kazakhstan. To initiate restoration in this vast region, we captured and transported a first group of nine wild kulan to a large pre-release enclosure in the Torgai region in 2017, and two more in 2019. We used direct observations and post-release movement data of four kulan equipped with GPS-Iridium collars to document their adaptation process in a vast novel habitat without conspecifics. For comparison with movements in the source populations, we additionally equipped two kulan in Altyn Emel National Park and six in Barsa Kelmes State Nature Reserve. The nine transported kulan formed a cohesive group with very high movement correlation in the enclosure. After release, the group initially stayed tightly together but started to break up by mid-May and all kulan travelled independently by mid-August. With 48,680–136,953 km2, the 95% Autocorrelated Kernel Density Estimation ranges of the reintroduced kulan were huge and about 10–100 times larger than those in the source populations. The reintroduced mares never reconnected, there was no evidence of successful reproduction, and two of the four collared mares were killed by poachers and one died of natural causes. At least one stallion survived in the wild, but the fate of the other uncollared animals remains unclear. We speculate that the fission-fusion dynamics and low movement correlation of kulan societies and the need for migratory movements harbours the risk that animals released into a novel environment loose contact with each other. This risk is likely enhanced in steppe habitats where movement constraining factors are absent. Further kulan reintroductions to the steppes and deserts of central Kazakhstan should aim to release larger groups and build up the free-ranging population quickly to reach a critical mass, increasing the chance of kulan encountering conspecifics to successfully breed and increase their chances of survival.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.; Kindberg, Jonas; Andren, Henrik & Linnell, John D. C. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Effects of camera-trap placement and number on detection of members of a mammalian assemblage. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 12(7). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.3662. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny & Odden, John (2021). Extreme home range sizes among Eurasian lynx at the northern edge of their biogeographic range. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7436. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) have a wide distribution across Eurasia. The northern edge of this distribution is in Norway, where they reach up to 72 degrees north. We con-ducted a study of lynx space use in this region from 2007 to 2013 using GPS teleme-try. The home range sizes averaged 2,606 (± 438 SE) km2 for males (n= 9 ranges) and 1,456 (± 179 SE) km2 for females (n= 24 ranges). These are the largest home ranges reported for any large felid, and indeed are only matched by polar bears, arctic living wolves, and grizzly bears among all the Carnivora. The habitat occupied was almost entirely treeless alpine tundra, with home ranges only containing from 20% to 25% of forest. These data have clear implications for the spatial planning of lynx manage-ment in the far north as the current management zones are located in unsuitable habitats and are not large enough to encompass individual lynx movements.carnivore, habitat, home range, ranging behavior, scandinavia

• Gliga, Diana S.; Petrova, Natalia; Linnell, John Durrus; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen & Walzer, Chris [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Dynamics of gastro-inestinal strongyle parasites in a group of translocated, wild-captured asiatic wild asses in Kazakhstan . Frontiers in Veterinary Science. ISSN 2297-1769. 7. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598371. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass (Kulan, Equus hemionus) population range and numbers became severely reduced and a reintroduction project is currently aiming to re-establish a population in the Central Steppe of Kazakhstan. Pre-emptive deworming is often recommended for equid translocations but eliminating parasites prior to translocation could cause disruptions in a balanced host-parasite relationship, adding an additional stressor to an already stressful intervention involving capture, transport, and adaptation to a new environment. Following a disease risk assessment, we decided against pre-emptive deworming and focused on monitoring the first group of nine translocated kulan in a large acclimatization enclosure prior to release. Over the 5-month acclimatization period, we regularly collected fecal samples and analyzed the shedding intensity of gastro-intestinal parasite eggs, obtained time budgets through behavioral observations, and visually assessed body condition. We identified strongyles (Strongylinae and Cyathostominae) and pinworms (Oxyuris equi) in fecal samples. All individuals shed strongyle eggs and two of the nine individuals had higher shedding intensities, but rarely reached levels for which deworming is recommended. All kulan appeared healthy throughout the observation period, aggressive interactions were very rare, and time budgets were very similar and dominated by feeding. Our results suggest that in translocation projects where the risk of introducing new parasites is minimal, pre-emptive treatment in wild equids can be replaced with non-invasivemonitoring during the acclimatization period.We acknowledge that the small number of kulan, the large size of the enclosure, and the low temperatures during the animals stay in the acclimatization enclosure may all have reduced infestation pressure. Asiatic wild ass, Equus hemionus kulan, gastro-intestinal parasites, reintroduction, fecal egg count, strongyles

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Melis, Claudia; Skarpe, Christina & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Lack of Cascading Effects of Eurasian Lynx Predation on Roe Deer to Soil and Plant Nutrients. Diversity. ISSN 1424-2818. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090352. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study examines the extent to which above-ground trophic processes such as large carnivore predation on wild ungulates can cause cascading effects through the provision of carrion resources to below-ground ecosystem processes in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway. We measured the levels of 10 parameters in soil samples and 7 parameters in vegetation (wavy hair-grass, Avenella flexuosa, and bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus) at 0, 0.5 and 2 m distance from 18 roe deer (Capreolus caprelous) carcasses killed by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We then compared these values to two control sites 20 m away from each carcass. Sampling was conducted 20–29 months after death. Neither soil nor vegetation samples showed a clear gradient in parameters (CN, NH4+, NO3−, P, PO4−, Ca, K, Mg and Na) from the center of a carcass towards the periphery. Similarly, there was no difference in the effect on soil and vegetation between winter- and summer-killed carcasses. Our results contrast with that of other studies that simulate the effect of predation with whole carcasses and which often exclude scavengers through fencing. The lack of detectable effects after about two years is likely due to the small size of roe deer carcasses and the fact that most tissues are consumed by the predator and scavengers before decomposition. View Full-Text Capreolus capreolus; carrion; decomposition; Lynx lynx; nitrogen; nutrient recycling; trophic cascade

• Teurlings, Ivonne; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Melis, Claudia (2020). Caching behavior of large prey by Eurasian Lynx: Quantifying the anti-scavenging benefits. Diversity. ISSN 1424-2818. 12(9). doi: 10.3390/D12090350. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large solitary felids often kill large prey items that can provide multiple meals. However, being able to utilize these multiple meals requires that they can cache the meat in a manner that delays its discovery by vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers. Covering the kill with vegetation and snow is a commonly observed strategy among felids. This study investigates the utility of this strategy using observational data from Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx)-killed roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) carcasses, and a set of two experiments focused on vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers, respectively. Lynx-killed roe deer that were covered by snow or vegetation were less likely to have been visited by scavengers. Experimentally-deployed video-monitored roe deer carcasses had significantly longer time prior to discovery by avian scavengers when covered with vegetation. Carcass parts placed in cages that excluded vertebrate scavengers had delayed invertebrate activity when covered with vegetation. All three datasets indicated that covering a kill was a successful caching/anti-scavenger strategy. These results can help explain why lynx functional responses reach plateaus at relatively low kill rates. The success of this anti-scavenging behavior therefore has clear effects on the dynamics of a predator–prey system.

• Lute, Michelle L.; Carter, Neil H.; López-Bao, José V. & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Conservation professionals' views on governing for coexistence with large carnivores. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108668. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Decision-making about large carnivores is complex and controversial, and processes vary from deliberation and expert analysis to ballot boxes and courtrooms. Decision-makers range from neighboring landowners to the United Nations. Efficacy, longevity and legitimacy of policies may often depend as much on process as the policy itself. Overcoming controversy requires greater understanding of preferences for decision-makers and processes as well as deeper beliefs about human-carnivore interactions. Although academic debates are rich with recommendations for governance, practitioners' perceptions regarding decision-making processes have been rarely examined. Doing so can facilitate constructive discourses on managing and conserving carnivores across highly-variable social-ecological landscapes. To gain insight into different viewpoints on governance regarding large carnivore conservation, we asked a global community of conservation professionals (n = 505) about their preferences for governance alternatives for carnivore conservation through an online survey. Respondents agreed that government biologists should make decisions while legislators and commissions received low agreement and less consensus. Findings also indicated a general rejection of turning decision processes completely over to the general public, to courts, or to politicians who are perceived as lacking both technical knowledge and local insights. We found evidence for consensus on best management processes using a combination of science, local knowledge and participatory decision-making. According to our sample, sustainable coexistence strategies may require significant shifts in processes that remove mistrusted political influences vis-à-vis ballot boxes, courtrooms, commissions and legislative chambers. Our sample believed governance structures that combine technical expertise with local perspectives in a co-management framework may best withstand tests of time and controversy.

• Aikens, Ellen O.; Mysterud, Atle; Merkle, Jerod A.; Cagnacci, Francesca; Rivrud, Inger Maren & Hebblewhite, Mark [Vis alle 36 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. Current Biology. ISSN 0960-9822. 30(17), s. 3444–3449. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.032. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called ‘‘green-wave surfing’’ [3–5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of greenup facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.

• Clua, Eric E.G.; Linnell, John Durrus; Planes, Serge & Meyer, Carl G. (2020). Selective removal of problem individuals as an environmentally responsible approach for managing shark bites on humans. Ocean and Coastal Management. ISSN 0964-5691. 194. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105266. Vis sammendrag

  Selective removal of problem individuals following shark bite incidents would be consistent with current management practices for terrestrial predators, and would be more effective and more environmentally responsible than current mass-culling programs. In parallel, and in addition to traditional forensics analysis, we recommend the routine collection of shark DNA from wounds or devices following shark bite incidents in order to genetically identify the individual responsible. This approach would require creating an extensive database of shark identities in high-risk areas against which to compare DNA forensically recovered from shark bite in-cidents. At a local and regional scale, we propose utilizing existing shark tagging programs and artificial shark aggregation sites to collect DNA, behavioural and morphological data for the database, and to facilitate removal of problem individuals. In several places around the world, selective removal of problem individuals would not be significantly more expensive and definitely less environmentally-destructive than traditional approaches and would also help reconcile people and sharks by underlining individuality in shark behaviour. Human fatalities Fatal attack Culling campaigns Problem individuals DNA fingerprinting Shark food provisioning Feeding aggregation Carnivore risk management

• Salvatori, Valeria; Donfrancesco, Valerio; Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi; Linnell, John Durrus & Álvares, Francisco [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). European agreements for nature conservation need to explicitly address wolf-dog hybridisation. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 248. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108525. Vis sammendrag

  Hybridisation between wolves and dogs is increasingly reported in Europe. Nonetheless, no systematic survey has ever been attempted at the continental scale. We made the first assessment of wolf-dog hybridisation (WDH) occurrence in Europe and analysed how the phenomenon is addressed by international legislation and managed at the country level. We found that WDH is reported in all nine extant European wolf populations, and in 21 out of 28 countries for which we received information. The two main international legal instruments (i.e., the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention) do not explicitly mention the threat posed by hybridisation but do provide guidance promoting control of free-ranging wolf-dog hybrids. However, we recorded poor compliance with such recommendations in most European countries, and a lack of coordination in addressing WDH among countries sharing the same wolf population. Alarmingly, we revealed a lack of well-designed and implemented country-wide genetic surveys to detect and monitor hybridisation, both relevant pre-requisites to effectively implement WDH management. By recommending criteria for an operative definition of “hybrid”, we also suggest improvements to enhance WDH-related policy at the EU scale. Wolf-dog hybrids Wolf Environmental legislation Habitats Directive Bern Convention

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus & Gomez-Baggethun, Erik (2020). Can cultural ecosystem services contribute to satisfying basic human needs? A case study from the Lofoten archipelago, northern Norway. Applied Geography. ISSN 0143-6228. 120. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102229. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is gradual recognition that cultural ecosystem services are critical building blocks for human well-being. Cultural and provisioning services are often intertwined, difficult to separate, and play salient roles in maintaining local identities. However, multiple studies assume links between cultural ecosystem services and human well-being, without quantifying relationships. We surveyed a representative sample of the population in the Lofoten archipelago in northern Norway, a region faced with great policy challenges around resource harvesting options. Our objective was to examine how public interest in management issues and attachment to place influences the appreciation of cultural ecosystem services benefits and if these benefits can act as satisfiers of wellbeing. Findings suggest that cultural ecosystem services provide a salient contribution to quality of life in this region, and help satisfy the needs of affection, understanding, creation, subsistence, identity, freedom, participation, protection and leisure. Cultural ecosystem services also constitute salient environmental attributes which contribute to the basic needs of being, having, doing and interacting. The importance of ecosystem services benefits for well-being increases with increasing attachment to the Lofoten environment. We argue that not only the ecosystem services benefits, but the values that emanate from the relationship between people and land should be given greater attention in land use policy. Cultural ecosystem services Satisfiers Basic human needs Lofoten Well-being Resource policy

• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Painer, Johanna; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2020). Parturition dates in wild Eurasian lynx: evidence of a second oestrus? Mammalian Biology. ISSN 1616-5047. doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00037-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Grainger, Matthew; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Rød, Jan Ketil (2020). Hunters as citizen scientists: Contributions to biodiversity monitoring in Europe. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 23. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01077. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Monitoring biodiversity characteristics at large scales and with adequate resolution requires considerable effort and resources. Overall, there is clearly a huge scope for European hunters, a special and often overlooked group of citizen scientist, to contribute even more to biodiversity monitoring, especially because of their presence across the entire European landscape. Using the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) framework we reviewed the published and grey literature and contacted experts to provide a comprehensive overview of hunters’ contributions to biodiversity monitoring. We examined the methods used to collect data in hunter-based monitoring, the geographic and taxonomic extent of such contributions and the scientific output stemming from hunter-based monitoring data. Our study suggests that hunter-based monitoring is widely distributed across Europe and across taxa as 32 out of the 36 European countries included in our analysis involve hunters in the monitoring of at least one species group with ungulates and small game species groups which have the widest hunter-based monitoring coverage. We found that it is possible to infer characteristics on Genetic composition, Species population, Species traits and Community composition with data that are being routinely collected by hunters in at least some countries. The main types of data provided are hunting bags data, biological samples including carcasses of shot animals and non-invasive samplings and Observations for counts and indices. Hunters collect data on biodiversity in its key dimensions. Collaborations between hunters and scientists are fruitful and should be considered a standard partnership for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the challenges in the use of hunters’ data, more rigorous protocols for sampling data should be implemented and improvements made in data integration methods.

• Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Panzacchi, Manuela (2020). The impact of human land use and landscape productivity on population dynamics of red fox in southeastern Norway. Mammal Research. ISSN 2199-2401. doi: 10.1007/s13364-020-00494-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Athreya, Vidya; Isvaran, Kavita; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus; Kshettry, Aritra & Krishnaswamy, Jagdish [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The impact of leopards (Panthera pardus) on livestock losses and human injuries in a human-use landscape in Maharashtra, India. PeerJ. ISSN 2167-8359. 8. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8405. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are many ways in which large carnivores and humans interact in shared spaces. In this study we provide insights into human-leopard relationships in an entirely modified, human-dominated landscape inhabited by dense populations of humans (266 perkm2), their livestock (162 per km2) and relatively high densities of large predators (10 per 100 km2). No human deaths were recorded, and livestock losses to leopards numbered only 0.45 per km2 per year (averaged over three years) despite the almost Complete dependency of leopards on domestic animals as prey. Predation was not the major cause of livestock mortality as diseases and natural causes caused higher losses (80% of self-reported losses). We also found that ineffective night time livestock protection and the presence of domestic dogs increased the probability of a farmer facing leopard attacks on livestock. Resident farmers faced much lower livestock losses to leopard predation in contrast to the migratory shepherds who reported much higher losses, but rarely availed of the government compensation schemes. We recommend that local wildlife managers continue to shift from reactive measures such as leopard captures after livestock attacks to proactive measures such as focusing on effective livestock protection and informing the affected communities about safety measures to be taken where leopards occur in rural landscapes. The natural causes of livestock deaths due do diseases may be better prevented by involving animal husbandry department for timely vaccinations and treatment.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Cretois, Benjamin; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Rolandsen, Christer Moe; Solberg, Erling Johan & Veiberg, Vebjørn [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). The challenges and opportunities of coexisting with wild ungulates in the human-dominated landscapes of Europe's Anthropocene. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 244:108500, s. 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108500. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The cumulative impact of human activities has driven many species into severe declines across the globe. However, the recent focus on conservation optimism has begun to highlight case studies that go against this trend. Reforestation, agricultural abandonment, reintroduction and legislative change have led to a situation where large mammals have recovered and are now widespread across the European continent. This study summarizes the knowledge about wild ungulate distribution in Europe and review the diversity of ways in which they interact with humans. Drawn from a wide range of sources, we built distribution maps of European wild ungulates. Results show that 90% of Europe is home to at least 1 species of wild native ungulate, with roe deer and wild boar occupying 74% and 64% of Europe respectively. In contrast, wild native mountain ungulates only occupy 5% of Europe, and are often associated with protected areas. The wide distribution of most European ungulates combined with the extensive human activity within Europe result in a wide range of interactions between ungulates and humans. These interactions can be classified as services or disservices depending on the value orientation and economic position of the various stakeholders perceiving this relationship. Overall, our survey highlights the success of wildlife management policies in Europe and the potential for continental scale conservation of large mammals in human-dominated landscapes. However, maintaining the success of wild ungulate conservation requires actions from national and European institutions to improve coordinated management across jurisdictional borders and sectorial coordination for the whole landscape.

• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bowler, Diana Elizabeth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Exploratory and confirmatory research in the open science era. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13571. Vis sammendrag

  1. Applied ecological research is increasingly inspired by the open science movement. However, new challenges about how we define our science when biodiversity data are being shared and re-used are not solved. Among these challenges is the risk associated with blurring the distinction between research that mainly seeks to explore patterns with no a-priori articulated hypotheses (exploratory research), and research that explicitly tests a-priori formulated hypotheses (confirmatory research).2. A rapid screening of a random selection of the peer-reviewed literature suggests that neither experimental protocols nor hypothesis-testing sensu stricto are com-mon in applied ecological research. In addition, most experiments are carried out on small spatial scales, which contrast with current global policy needs and research trends towards addressing large spatial and temporal scales. This latter trend makes it unfeasible for policy to rely mainly on insights gained from experimental research.3. To solve fundamental local, regional and global societal challenges, we need both exploratory and confirmatory research. However, the fundamental roles that con-firmatory research testing a-priori hypothesis play in establishing causal relation-ships need to be revaluated in applied ecological research.4. A clearer distinction between exploratory and confirmatory research is currently needed, and could be facilitated by allocating journal sections to different types of research; by embracing new tools offered by the open science era, such as pre- registration of hypothesis; by establishing new systems where post-hoc hypoth-eses emerging through exploration can also be registered for later testing; and by more broad adoption of causal inference methods that foster more structured test-ing of hypotheses about causal mechanisms from observational biodiversity data.5. Synthesis and applications. To gain the full benefits of the open science era, re-searchers, funding bodies and journal editors should explicitly consider approaches and incentives that encourage openness about methods and approaches, as well as value the plurality of scientific approaches needed to address questions in applied ecology and conservation science. causal inference, confirmatory research, exploratory research, large-scale assessment, open science, reproducible research, science philosophy

• van Beeck Calkoen, Suzanne T.S.; Mühlbauer, Lisa; Andrén, Henrik; Apollonio, Marco; Balčiauskas, Linas & Belotti, Elisa [Vis alle 29 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Ungulate management in European national parks: Why a more Integrated European policy is needed. Journal of Environmental Management. ISSN 0301-4797. 260. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110068. Vis sammendrag

  1. Primary objectives of national parks usually include both, the protection of natural processes and species conservation. When these objectives conflict, as occurs because of the cascading effects of large mammals (i.e., ungulates and large carnivores) on lower trophic levels, park managers have to decide upon the appropriate management while considering various local circumstances. 2. To analyse if ungulate management strategies are in accordance with the objectives defined for protected areas, we assessed the current status of ungulate management across European national parks using the naturalness concept and identified the variables that influence the management. 3. We collected data on ungulate management from 209 European national parks in 29 countries by means of a large-scale questionnaire survey. Ungulate management in the parks was compared by creating two naturalness scores. The first score reflects ungulate and large carnivore species compositions, and the second evaluates human intervention on ungulate populations. We then tested whether the two naturalness score categories are influenced by the management objectives, park size, years since establishment, percentage of government-owned land, and human impact on the environment (human influence index) using two generalized additive mixed models. 4. In 67.9% of the national parks, wildlife is regulated by culling (40.2%) or hunting (10.5%) or both (17.2%). Artificial feeding occurred in 81.3% of the national parks and only 28.5% of the national parks had a nonintervention zone covering at least 75% of the area. Furthermore, ungulate management differed greatly among the different countries, likely because of differences in hunting traditions and cultural and political backgrounds. Ungulate management was also influenced by park size, human impact on the landscape, and national park objectives, but after removing these variables from the full model the reduced models only showed a small change in the deviance explained. In areas with higher anthropogenic pressure, wildlife diversity tended to be lower and a higher number of domesticated species tended to be present. Human intervention (culling and artificial feeding) was lower in smaller national parks and when park objectives followed those set by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 5. Our study shows that many European national parks do not fulfil the aims of protected area management as set by IUCN guidelines. In contrast to the USA and Canada, Europe currently has no common ungulate management policy within national parks. This lack of a common policy together with differences in species composition, hunting traditions, and cultural or political context has led to differences in ungulate management among European countries. To fulfil the aims and objectives of national parks and to develop ungulate management strategies further, we highlight the importance of creating a more integrated European ungulate management policy to meet the aims of national parks.

• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Young, Sherry; Juthberg, Sonya; Singh, Navinder J.; Widemo, Fredrik & Andrén, Henrik [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Using by-catch data from wildlife surveys to quantify climatic parameters and the timing of phenology for plants and animals using camera traps. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2056-3485. doi: 10.1002/rse2.136. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gaining a better understanding of global environmental change is an important challenge for conserving biodiversity. Shifts in phenology are an important consequence of environmental change. Measuring phenology of different taxa simultaneously at the same spatial and temporal scale is necessary to study the effects of changes in phenology on ecosystems. Camera traps that take both time-lapse as well as motion-triggered images are increasingly used to study wildlife populations. The by-catch data of these networks of camera traps provide a potential alternative for measuring several climatic and phenological variables. Here, we tested this ability of camera traps, and quantified climatic variables as well as the timing of changes in plant and animal phenology. We obtained data from 193 camera-unit deployments during a year of camera trapping on a peninsula in northern Sweden aimed at studying wildlife. We estimated daily temperature at noon and snow cover using recordings provided by cameras. Estimates of snow cover were accurate, but temperature estimates were higher compared with a local weather station. Furthermore, we were able to identify the timing of leaf emergence and senescence for birches (Betula sp.) and the presence of bilberry berries (Vaccinium myrtillus), as important food sources for herbivores. These were linked to the timing of the growth of antlers and the presence of new-born young for three ungulate species as well as the presence of migratory Eurasian cranes (Grus grus). We also identified the timing of spring and autumn moulting of mountain hares (Lepus timidus) in relation to snow cover. In this novel study, we show the potential of (by-catch) data from camera traps to study phenology across a broad range of taxa, suggesting that a global network of camera traps has great potential to simultaneously track wildlife populations and the phenology of interactions between animals and plants.

• Andrén, Henrik; Hobbs, N. Thompson; Aronsson, Malin; Brøseth, Henrik; Chapron, Guillaume & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Harvest models of small populations of a large carnivore using Bayesian forecasting. Ecological Applications. ISSN 1051-0761. doi: 10.1002/eap.2063. Vis sammendrag

  Harvesting large carnivores can be a management tool for meeting politically set goals for their desired abundance. However, harvesting carnivores creates its own set of conflicts in both society and among conservation professionals, where one consequence is a need to demonstrate that management is sustainable, evidence‐based and guided by science. Furthermore, because large carnivores often also have high degrees of legal protection, harvest quotas have to be carefully justified and constantly adjusted to avoid damaging their conservation status. We developed a Bayesian state‐space model to support adaptive management of Eurasian lynx harvesting in Scandinavia. The model uses data from the annual monitoring of lynx abundance and results from long‐term field research on lynx biology, which has provided detailed estimates of key demographic parameters. We used the model to predict the probability that the forecasted population size will be below or above the management objectives when subjected to different harvest quotas. The model presented here informs decision makers about the policy risks of alternative harvest levels. Earlier versions of the model have been available for wildlife managers in both Sweden and Norway to guide lynx harvest quotas and the model predictions showed good agreement with observations. We combined monitoring data with data on vital rates and were able to estimate unobserved additional mortality rates, which are most probably due to poaching. In both countries, the past quota setting strategy suggests that there has been a de facto threshold strategy with increasing proportion, which means that there is no harvest below a certain population size, but above this threshold there is an increasing proportion of the population harvested as the population size increases. The annual assessment of the monitoring results, the use of forecasting models, and a threshold harvest approach to quota setting will all reduce the risk of lynx population sizes moving outside the desired goals. The approach we illustrate could be adapted to other populations of mammals worldwide. adaptive management, Bayesian state-Space model, carnivore, Eurasian Lynx, forecating, hunting, harvest, Norway, poaching, quota, Sweden

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Who are legitimate stakeholders? National and local perceptions of environmental change in the Lofoten islands, Norway. Polar Geography. ISSN 1088-937X. doi: 10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648584. Vis sammendrag

  Debates on future resource policy in northern regions raises the question of who are the legitimate stakeholders to include in policy deliberations? The Lofoten archipelago in Northern Norway is a world-class nature tourism destination, the key spawning ground for North Atlantic cod as well as a reservoir of large unexploited offshore oil and gas deposits. We surveyed the resident Lofoten population and the larger Norwegian public to ascertain to what extent local and national perceptions of the value of selected environmental attributes and the importance of drivers of environmental change align across geographic scales. Lofoten residents and the national public both assign high value to environmental attributes, but local residents place more emphasis on harvesting marine and agricultural resources than the national public, which is more concerned with the status of individual species and conservation symbols. Our results show that the national public expresses so much interest in Lofoten that they should be considered a legitimate stakeholder in discussions about its future development paths, and while they relate to the area in a broadly similar way, there may be some specific areas of conflict that need to be considered. Lofoten; drivers of change; natural resources; local and national perceptions

• Dhee, anon; Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Shivakumar, Shweta & Dhiman, Sat Pal (2019). The leopard that learnt from the cat and other narratives of carnivore–human coexistence in northern India. People and Nature. ISSN 2575-8314. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10039. Vis sammendrag

  1. This study explores the diversity of factors that influence human–leopard relationships in Himachal Pradesh, India. Looking beyond the socio‐economic and ecological dimensions of human–leopard conflict, it documents the multifaceted nature of human–wildlife relationships. 2. We carried out a qualitative analysis of human–leopard interactions based on interviews conducted during an ethnographic study of various stakeholders in the vicinity of a village in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, an area with a long history of co‐habitation between leopards and rural inhabitants. 3. We propose that the unique ways in which our participants relate with non‐human beings arose from both culturally informed and experience‐based knowledge systems. Based on the narratives of the everyday interactions between humans and leopards, we propose that the people in the landscape relate to leopards with an underlying belief that leopards are thinking beings. 4. We explore the influence of myth and storytelling in the production of narratives that define the image of the leopard in the landscape. We also underline the possible shortcomings of looking at human–animal dynamics only through the narrow lenses of ecology or socio‐economics during the production of policy and illustrate the consequence of discounting the significance of coexistence‐promoting narratives in shared landscapes. carnivore, Himachal Pradesh, India, human dimentionas of wildlife, human–human conflict, human–wildlife interaction, leopard, perception, stakeholder

• López-Bao, José Vicente; Aronsson, Malin; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Persson, Jens & Andrén, Henrik (2019). Eurasian lynx fitness shows little variation across Scandinavian human-dominated landscapes. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45569-2. Vis sammendrag

  Despite extensive research on the ecology and behavioural adaptations of large carnivores in humandominated landscapes, information about the fitness consequences of sharing landscapes is still limited. We assessed the variation in three consecutive components of female fitness: the probability of reproduction, litter size and juvenile survival in relation to environmental and human factors in a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), occurring in human-dominated landscapes in Scandinavia. We used demographic data from 57 radio-collared adult females between 1995–2011 (126 radio-years). Overall, the yearly probability of female reproduction was 0.80, mean litter size was 2.34 (range 1–4) and the probability to find a female that reproduced in the spring being accompanied by at least one offspring during the subsequent winter was 0.70. We did not find evidence that food availability was a key factor influencing female fitness. Female lynx may adapt to food availability when establishing their home ranges by adopting an obstinate strategy, ensuring a minimum amount of prey necessary for survival and reproduction even during periods of prey scarcity. In human-dominated landscapes, where sufficient prey are available for lynx, mortality risk may have a larger influence on lynx population dynamics compared to food availability. Our results suggest that lynx population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes may be mainly driven by human impacts on survival.

• Hartel, Tibor; Scheele, Ben C.; Vanak, Abi Tamim; Rozylowicz, Laurențiu; Linnell, John Durrus & Ritchie, Euan G. (2019). Mainstreaming human and large carnivore coexistence through institutional collaboration. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13334. Vis sammendrag

  Achieving coexistence between large carnivores and humans in human-dominated landscapes (HDLs) is a key challenge for societies globally. This challenge cannot be adequately met with the current sectoral approaches to HDL governance and an academic community largely dominated by disciplinary sectors. Academia (universities and other research institutions and organizations) should take a more active role in embracing societal challenges around conservation of large carnivores in HDLs by facilitating crosssectoral cooperation to mainstream coexistence of humans and large carnivores. Drawing on lessons from populated regions of Europe, Asia, and South America with substantial densities of large carnivores, we suggest academia should better embrace the principles and methods of sustainability sciences and create institutional spaces for the implementation of transdisciplinary curricula and projects; reflect on research approaches (i.e., disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary) they apply and how their outcomes could aid leveraging institutional transformations for mainstreaming; and engage with various institutions and stakeholder groups to create novel institutional structures that can respond to multiple challenges of HDL management and human–large carnivore coexistence. Success in mainstreaming this coexistence in HDL will rest on the ability to think and act cooperatively. Such a conservation achievement, if realized, stands to have far-reaching benefits for people and biodiversity. apex predator, environmental policy, human–wildlife conflict, leverage points, sustainability science, transdisciplinary, wildlife management

• Trajçe, Aleksandër; Ivanov, Gjorge; Keçi, Erjola; Majic, Aleksandra; Melovski, Dime & Mersini, Kujtim [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). All carnivores are not equal in the rural people's view. Should we develop conservation plans for functional guilds or individual species in the face of conflicts? Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 19. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00677. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We tested differences in attitudes towards bears, wolves and lynx among the rural public in Albania and Macedonia through information collected from a questionnaire survey (n ¼ 759).Wolves were the species with the least positive attitudes among the rural public and had the lowest support for conservation compared with bears and lynx. In addition, conflict perception of wolves was higher than for bears and lynx. We argue that, based on species specific differences in public attitudes, conservation initiatives and management plans for large carnivores should deal with wolves separately from bears and lynx, as lower public support for wolves might jeopardise the conservation of the two other large carnivores. Bears and lynx can be potentially treated together in conservation initiatives based on the similar levels of public support for conservation, however, from a conflictmanagement point of view, all three species need to be addressed separately. © 2019 The Authors.

• Carter, Neil H.; Bruskotter, Jeremy T.; Vucetich, John A.; Crabtree, Robert; Jaicks, Hannah & Karns, Gabriel [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Towards human-wildlife coexistence through the integration of human and Natural systems. The case of grey wolves in the Rocky Mountains, USA. I Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Red.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. s. 384–413. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.021.
• Bowler, Diana Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Bischof, Richard; OHara, Robert Brian; Yu, Thin Thin & Oo, Tun [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Integrating data from different survey types for population monitoring of an endangered species: the case of the Eld’s deer. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44075-9. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite its value for conservation decision-making, we lack information on population abundances for most species. Because establishing large-scale monitoring schemes is rarely feasible, statistical methods that combine multiple data sources are promising approaches to maximize use of available information. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model that combined different survey data of the endangered Eld’s deer in Shwesettaw Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) in Myanmar and tested our approach in simulation experiments. We combined spatially-restricted line-transect abundance data with more spatially-extensive camera-trap occupancy data to enable estimation of the total deer abundance. The integrated model comprised an ecological model (common to both survey types, based on the equivalence between cloglog-transformed occurrence probability and log-transformed expected abundance) and separate observation models for each survey type. We estimated that the population size of Eld’s deer in SWS is c. 1519 (1061–2114), suggesting it is the world’s largest wild population. The simulations indicated that the potential benefits of combining data include increased precision and better sampling of the spatial variation in the environment, compared to separate analysis of each survey. Our analytical approach, which integrates the strengths of different survey methods, has widespread application for estimating species’ abundances, especially in information-poor regions of the world.

• Donfrancesco, Valerio; Ciucci, Paolo; Salvatori, Valeria; Benson, David J.; Andersen, Liselotte Wesley & Bassi, Elena [Vis alle 46 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Unravelling the scientific debate on how to address wolf-dog hybridization in Europe. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2296-701X. 7. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00175. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Anthropogenic hybridization is widely perceived as a threat to the conservation of biodiversity. Nevertheless, to date, relevant policy and management interventions are unresolved and highly convoluted. While this is due to the inherent complexity of the issue, we hereby hypothesize that a lack of agreement concerning management goals and approaches, within the scientific community, may explain the lack of social awarenesson this phenomenon, and the absence of effective pressure on decision-makers. By focusing on wolf x dog hybridization in Europe, we hereby (a) assess the state of the art of issues on wolf x dog hybridization within the scientific community, (b) assess the conceptual bases for different viewpoints, and (c) provide a conceptual framework aiming at reducing the disagreements.We adopted the Delphi technique, involving a three-round iterative survey addressed to a selected sample of experts who published at Web of Science listed journals, in the last 10 years on wolf x dog hybridization and related topics. Consensus was reached that admixed individuals should always be defined according to their genetic profile, and that a reference threshold for admixture (i.e., q-value in assignment tests) should be formally adopted for their identification. Tomitigate hybridization, experts agreed on adopting preventive, proactive and, when concerning small and recovering wolf populations, reactive interventions. Overall, experts’ consensus waned as the issues addressed became increasingly practical, including the adoption of lethal removal. We suggest three non-mutually exclusive explanations for this trend: (i) value-laden viewpoints increasingly emerge when addressing practical issues, and are particularly diverging between experts with different disciplinary backgrounds (e.g., ecologists, geneticists); (ii) some experts prefer avoiding the risk of potentially giving carte blanche to wolf opponents to (illegally) remove wolves, based on the wolf x dog hybridization issue; (iii) room for subjective interpretation and opinions result from the paucity of data on the effectiveness of different management interventions. These results have management implications and reveal gaps in the knowledge on a wide Spectrum of issues related not only to the management of anthropogenic hybridization, but also to the role of ethical values and real-world management concerns in the scientific debate. conservation, delphi technique, genetic admixture, introgression, lethal removal, management, ethics, values in science

• Hofman, M. P. G.; Hayward, M.W.; Heim, Morten; Marchand, P.; Rolandsen, Christer Moe & Mattisson, Jenny [Vis alle 118 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Right on track? Performance of satellite telemetry in terrestrial wildlife research. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14:e0216223(5), s. 1–26. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216223. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Satellite telemetry is an increasingly utilized technology in wildlife research, and current devices can track individual animal movements at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. However, as we enter the golden age of satellite telemetry, we need an in-Depth understanding of the main technological, species-specific and environmental factors that determine the success and failure of satellite tracking devices across species and habitats. Here, we assess the relative influence of such factors on the ability of satellite telemetry units to provide the expected amount and quality of data by analyzing data from over 3,000 devices deployed on 62 terrestrial species in 167 projects worldwide. We evaluate the success rate in obtaining GPS fixes as well as in transferring these fixes to the user and we evaluate failure rates. Average fix success and data transfer rates were high and were generally better predicted by species and unit characteristics, while environmental characteristics influenced the variability of performance. However, 48% of the unit deployments ended prematurely, half of them due to technical failure. Nonetheless, this study shows that the performance of satellite telemetry applications has shown improvements over time, and based on our findings, we provide further recommendations for both users and manufacturers.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2019). Institutions for achieving human–wildlife coexistence: The case of large herbivores and large carnivores in Europe . I Frank, Beatrice; Glikman, Jenny A. & Marchini, Silvio (Red.), Human-Wildlife interactions. Turning conflict into coexistence. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781108416061. s. 288–310. doi: 10.1017/9781108235730.017.
• De Groeve, Johannes; Cagnacci, Francesca; Ranc, Nathan; Bonnot, Nadège C.; Gehr, Benedikt & Heurich, Marco [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Individual Movement - Sequence Analysis Method (IM-SAM): characterizing spatio-temporal patterns of animal habitat use across landscapes. International Journal of Geographical Information Science (IJGIS). ISSN 1365-8816. s. 1–23. doi: 10.1080/13658816.2019.1594822. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We present methodological advances to a recently developed framework to study sequential habitat use by animals using a visually-explicit and tree-based Sequence Analysis Method (SAM), derived from molecular biology and more recently used in time geography. Habitat use sequences are expressed as annotations obtained by intersecting GPS movement trajectories with environmental layers. Here, we develop IM-SAM, where we use the individual reference area of use as the reference spatial context. To assess IM-SAM’s applicability, we investigated the sequential use of open and closed habitats across multiple European roe deer populations ranging in landscapes with contrasting structure. Starting from simulated sequences based on a mechanistic movement model, we found that different sequential patterns of habitat use were distinguished as separate, robust clusters, with less variable cluster size when habitats were present in equal proportions within the individual reference area of use. Application on real roe deer sequences showed that our approach effectively captured variation in spatio-temporal patterns of sequential habitat use, and provided evidence for important behavioral processes, such as day-night habitat alternation. By characterizing sequential habitat use patterns of animals, we may better evaluate the temporal trade-offs in animal habitat use and how they are affected by changes in landscapes. Sequence dissimilarity; dendrogram; ungulates; spatio-temporal habitat use; mechanistic movement model

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Kaltenborn, Eivind Feren & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). “It’s All About the Scenery”: Tourists’ Perceptions of Cultural Ecosystem Services in the Lofoten Islands, Norway. Arctic. ISSN 0004-0843. 72(1), s. 1–12. doi: 10.14430/arctic67944. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Lofoten Islands in northern Norway face challenges from increasing visitor numbers, congestion, environmental impacts, and growing host-visitor tensions. Benefits include increased local employment and growing revenues. Future tourism policy requires better documentation of the non-economic benefits and values associated with tourism in Lofoten; this information is important to the development of policy and management processes. We conducted 45 in-depth interviews with domestic and international visitors, using the cultural ecosystem services (ES) framework to ascertain the core elements of the tourism experience, as well as views on management needs and development. We probed reflections on place, aesthetics, recreational opportunities, inspiration, social relations, cultural heritage, knowledge, spirituality, and identity by offering a combination of statements and questions. All these categories of cultural ES were important to most visitors. However, the importance of the landscape was paramount. Policy implications include the need to include landscape in ES assessments, to map places of especially high scenic value, and to use the ES framework more extensively to identify and compare non-economic and economic tourism Norway; Lofoten; tourism experience; cultural ecosystem services; scenery; policy Dans le nord de la Norvège, il y a des défis à relever aux îles Lofoten en raison du nombre croissant de visiteurs, de la congestion, des incidences sur l’environnement et des tensions de plus en plus grandes entre les visiteurs et les gens de la région. Parmi les avantages, notons le nombre d’emplois et les revenus à la hausse. À l’avenir, il faudra une meilleure documentation au sujet des retombées et des valeurs non économiques liées au tourisme à Lofoten en vue de faciliter la formulation des politiques touristiques. Cette information jouera un rôle important dans l’élaboration des politiques et des processus de gestion. Nous avons réalisé 45 entrevues approfondies auprès de visiteurs du pays et d’ailleurs en nous appuyant sur le cadre de référence des services écosystémiques (SE) culturels afin de valider les éléments fondamentaux de l’expérience touristique et recueilli des points de vue en matière de développement et de besoins en gestion. Au moyen de déclarations et de questions, nous avons stimulé des réflexions au sujet des lieux, de l’esthétique, des possibilités de loisirs, de l’inspiration, des relations sociales, du patrimoine culturel, des connaissances, de la spiritualité et de l’identité. Toutes ces catégories des SE culturels revêtaient de l’importance aux yeux de la plupart des visiteurs. Cependant, c’est le paysage qui a pris le plus d’importance. Parmi les incidences sur les politiques, notons la nécessité de tenir compte du paysage dans les évaluations des SE, de mettre en évidence les lieux qui ont une valeur panoramique particulièrement grande et de se servir du cadre des SE à plus grande échelle afin de déterminer et de comparer les retombées et les valeurs économiques et non économiques sur le plan touristique. Norvège; Lofoten; expérience touristique; services écosystémiques culturels; paysage; politiques

• Cretois, Benjamin; Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Trouwborst, Arie (2019). What form of human-wildlife coexistence is mandated by legislation? A comparative analysis of international and national instruments. Biodiversity and Conservation. ISSN 0960-3115. 28(7), s. 1729–1741. doi: 10.1007/s10531-019-01751-6. Vis sammendrag

  There are currently many controversies over the process of wildlife conservation, mainly focused on determining which forms of human-wildlife relationship should be endorsed by society. These differences often lead to legal discussions between lawmakers and stakeholders as result of misinterpretation of law. In this study, we examine the dominant conservation ideologies underpinning institutionalized wildlife conservation by exploring the moral basis underlying a broad range of national and international legislation. We used a teleological interpretative approach to explore the implicit and explicit intentions of legislative instruments. We found that a shift from a human-nature dualism to an integration paradigm occurred in the legal frameworks during the last 20-30 years. A desire to improve the status of threatened species or ecosystems was clearly expressed in all legislation. However, the widespread mention of consumptive values seems to indicate no principled opposition between the notions of conservation and of sustainable use. We identified three different groups of legislation: (1) a small group containing largely protectionist instruments, (2) a group based on the main European nature conservation texts and, (3) a cluster incorporating almost all the post-Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) legislation from around the world. The CBD was found to have had a major impact on the shaping of the modern legal instruments, reconciling the eco- and anthropocentric values at the heart of modern legal thinking. Overall, the dominant legal ideology seems to aim for a compromise between the interests of society and wildlife, allowing its sustainable use and steering for shared space.

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Linnell, John Durrus; Brøseth, Henrik & Gimenez, Olivier (2019). Failure to coordinate management in transboundary populations hinders the achievement of national management goals: The case of wolverines in Scandinavia. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13379. Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivores are expanding in Europe, and their return is associated with con- flicts that often result in policies to regulate their population size through culling. Being wide-ranging species, their populations are often distributed across several jurisdictions, which may vary in the extent to which they use lethal control. This creates the conditions for the establishment of source-sink dynamics across bor- ders, which may frustrate the ability of countries to reach their respective man- agement objectives. 2. To explore the consequences of this issue, we constructed a vec-permutation pro- jection model, applied to the case of wolverines in south-central Scandinavia, shared between Norway (where they are culled) and Sweden (where they are pro- tected). We evaluated the effect of compensatory immigration on wolverine pop- ulation growth rates, and if the effect was influenced by the distance to the national border. We assessed to what extent compensatory immigration had an influence on the number of removals needed to keep the population at a given growth rate. 3. In Norway, the model estimated a stable trend, whereas in Sweden it produced a 10% annual increase. The effect of compensatory immigration corresponded to a 0.02 reduction in population growth rate in Sweden and to a similar increase in Norway. This effect was strong closer to the Norwegian-Swedish border, but weakwhenmovingawayfromit.Anaverageof33wolverineswasshotperyear in the Norwegian part of the study area. If no compensatory immigration from Sweden had occurred, 28 wolverines shot per year would have been sufficient to achievethesamegoal.About15.5%ofalltheindividualsharvestedinNorway between 2005 and 2012 were compensated by immigrants, causing a decrease in population growth rate in Sweden. 4. Synthesis and applications. When a population is transboundary, the consequences of management decisions are also transboundary, even though the political bodies in charge of those decisions, the stakeholders who influence them, and the tax- payers who finance them are not. It is important that managers and citizens be informed that a difference in management goals can reduce the efficiency, and increase the costs, of wildlife management. compensatory immigration, density-dependent dispersal, source-sink dynamic, spatial harvest, transboundary management, policy, transboundary species, vec-permutation matrix model

• Hayward, Matt W.; Scanlon, Robert J.; Callen, Alexandra; Howell, Lachlan; Klop-Toker, Kaya L. & Di Blanco, Yamil [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Reintroducing rewilding to restoration – Rejecting the search for novelty. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 233, s. 255–259. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.011. Vis sammendrag

  Rewilding is emerging as a major issue in conservation. However, there are currently a dozen definitions of rewilding that include Pleistocene rewilding, island rewilding, trophic rewilding, functional rewilding and passive rewilding, and these remain fuzzy, lack clarity and, hence, hinder scientific discourse. Based on current definitions, it is unclear how the interventions described under the rewilding umbrella differ from those framed within the long-standing term ‘restoration’. Even projects held up as iconic rewilding endeavours invariably began as restoration projects (e.g., Oostvaaderplassen; Pleistocene Park; the return of wolves to Yellowstone, etc.). Similarly, rewilding organisations (e.g., Rewilding Europe) typically began with a restoration focus. Scientific discourse requires precise language. The fuzziness of existing definitions of rewilding and lack of distinction from restoration practices means that scientific messages cannot be transferred accurately to a policy or practice framework. We suggest that the utility of ‘rewilding’ as a term is obsolete, and hence recommend scientists and practitioners use ‘restoration’ instead.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Jackson, Craig Ryan (2019). Bringing back large carnivores to rewild landscapes. I Pettorelli, Nathalie; Durant, Sarah M. & du Toit, Johan T. (Red.), Rewilding. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 978-1-10847267-8. s. 248–279. doi: 10.1017/9781108560962.013.
• Hayward, M.W.; Edwards, S.; Fancourt, B.A.; Linnell, John Durrus & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2019). Top-down control of ecosystems and the case for rewilding: does it all add up? . I Pettorelli, Nathalie; Durant, Sarah M. & du Toit, Johan T. (Red.), Rewilding. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 978-1-10847267-8. s. 325–354. doi: 10.1017/9781108560962.
• Hofmeester, Tim R.; Cromsigt, Joris P.G.M.; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Kindberg, Jonas & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Framing pictures: A conceptual framework to identify and correct for biases in detection probability of camera traps enabling multi‐species comparison. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 9(4), s. 2320–2336. doi: 10.1002/ece3.4878. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Obtaining reliable species observations is of great importance in animal ecology and wildlife conservation. An increasing number of studies use camera traps (CTs) to study wildlife communities, and an increasing effort is made to make better use and reuse of the large amounts of data that are produced. It is in these circumstances that it becomes paramount to correct for the species‐ and study‐specific variation in imperfect detection within CTs. We reviewed the literature and used our own experience to compile a list of factors that affect CT detection of animals. We did this within a conceptual framework of six distinct scales separating out the influences of (a) animal characteristics, (b) CT specifications, (c) CT set‐up protocols, and (d) environmental variables. We identified 40 factors that can potentially influence the detection of animals by CTs at these six scales. Many of these factors were related to only a few overarching parameters. Most of the animal characteristics scale with body mass and diet type, and most environmental characteristics differ with season or latitude such that remote sensing products like NDVI could be used as a proxy index to capture this variation. Factors that influence detection at the microsite and camera scales are probably the most important in determining CT detection of animals. The type of study and specific research question will determine which factors should be corrected. Corrections can be done by directly adjusting the CT metric of interest or by using covariates in a statistical framework. Our conceptual framework can be used to design better CT studies and help when analyzing CT data. Furthermore, it provides an overview of which factors should be reported in CT studies to make them repeatable, comparable, and their data reusable. This should greatly improve the possibilities for global scale analyses of (reused) CT data. animal characteristics, detectability, environmental variables, mammal monitoring, reuse of data, trail camera

• Packer, Craig; Shivakumar, Shweta; Athreya, Vidya; Craft, Meggan E.; Dhanwatey, Harshawardhan & Dhanwatey, Poonam [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Species-specific spatiotemporal patterns of leopard, lion and tiger attacks on humans. Journal of Applied Ecology. ISSN 0021-8901. 56(3), s. 585–593. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.13311. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  1. Large carnivores of the genus Panthera can pose serious threats to public safety. Although the annual number of attacks on humans is rare compared to livestock depredation, such incidents undermine popular support for wildlife conservation and require immediate responses to protect human life. 2. We used a space–time scan method to perform a novel spatiotemporal analysis of 908 attacks on humans by lions, leopards, and tigers to estimate the risks of further attacks in the same locales. 3. We found that a substantial proportion of attacks were clustered in time and space, but the dimension of these outbreaks varied between species. Lion outbreaks included more human fatalities, persisted for longer periods of time, and extended over larger areas than tiger or leopard outbreaks. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis reveals the typical spatiotemporal patterns of past lion, leopard, and tiger attacks on humans. In future, this technique could be used by relevant agencies to warn local people of risks from further attacks within a certain time and distance following an initial incident by each species. Furthermore, the approach can help identify areas requiring management interventions to address such threats. anthropogenic landscape, attacks on humans, big cats, human–wildlife conflict, Panthera,space–time scan, spatiotemporal clustering

• Peters, Wibke; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Eacker, Daniel; Hewison, A.J. Mark & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Large herbivore migration plasticity along environmental gradients in Europe: life-history traits modulate forage effects. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. s. 1–14. doi: 10.1111/oik.05588. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Reljic, Slaven; Jerina, Klemen; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Huber, Djuro; Kusak, Josip & Jonozovic, Marko [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Challenges for transboundary management of a European brown bear population. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00488. Vis sammendrag

  Pan-European legislation stimulates international cooperation to overarching challenges of large carnivore management across jurisdictions. We present an analysis for current transboundary brown bear (Ursus arctos) population management in Croatia and Slovenia. Slovenia's bear management attempts aimed to reduce human-bear conflicts, by limiting the size and distribution of the bear population, with a relatively frequent use of intervention shooting. In contrast, fewer conflicts occur in Croatia and bears have been traditionally managed as a valuable game species, with heavily male-biased trophy hunting. On average 9% of the estimated bear population was removed annually in Croatia and 18% in Slovenia for the years 2005e2010. In Croatia, a greater proportion of adult males were shot than in Slovenia (80% vs 47% of total hunted males, respectively). We model a scenario for the shared panmictic population and two scenarios assuming that Croatian and Slovenian bear populations were spatially closed. When isolated, each countries' policies lead to potentially undesired management directions. The Slovenian bear population showed a stable or slightly decreasing trend that maintained its sex and age structure, while the Croatian bear population showed an increase in size but with a possible lack of older male bear. The panmictic scenario showed that different management policies buffered each other out with the overall combined population trend being slightly increasing with a sustained age/sex structure. The recent geopolitical refugee crisis has led to the partial erection of border security fencing between the two countries. Our data illustrate how the impacts of constructed fencing put in place to address border security issues may also impact the fate of Europe's bear populations and other wildlife species that use shared ecosystems.

• Clua, Eric E.G. & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Individual shark profiling: An innovative and environmentally responsible approach for selectively managing human fatalities. Conservation Letters. ISSN 1755-263X. s. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/conl.12612. Vis sammendrag

  Most shark‐induced human fatalities are followed by widespread and unselective culling campaigns that have limited effectiveness and may have high ecological costs for threatened species. The blanket culling strategy implicitly assumes that incident risk is directly correlated with shark density, an assumption that has yet to be demonstrated. We present the alternative hypothesis that incidents are more likely to be caused by behavioral variability among individual sharks than due to shark density. Throughout their ontogenetic development, large species of sharks opportunistically establish a diet that is rarely, if ever, inclusive of humans as a food source. We propose that, some animals with specific behaviors (including boldness) may potentially pose a higher risk than conspecifics. Under this scenario, the risk of a shark attack in a given area would relate to the presence of a limited number of high‐risk individuals rather than shark density. In terms of management of human fatalities, such a hypothesis would favor abandoning general culling campaigns and replacing them with approaches that profile and selectively remove the potential problem individuals, as is done in the terrestrial realm when managing predators that attack humans or livestock.

• Kaczensky, Petra; Kovtun, Ekaterina; Habibrakhmanov, Rustam; Hemami, Mahmoud‑Reza; Khaleghi, Amirhossein & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Genetic characterization of free-ranging Asiatic wild ass in Central Asia as a basis for future conservation strategies. Conservation Genetics. ISSN 1566-0621. 19(5), s. 1169–1184. doi: 10.1007/s10592-018-1086-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Loss of genetic diversity due to drift and inbreeding reduces a population’s ability to respond to environmental change and may result in inbreeding depression. The Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus), regionally also known as Gobi khulan, Turkmen kulan, or Persian onager, has become confined to less than 3% of its historic distribution range. Remaining populations in Central Asia outside of the Mongolian Gobi are small and fragmented. Questions concerning subpopulation status remain disputed and concerns over the viability of these populations have been raised because of small size, past bottlenecks, or recent founder events. We used non-invasive faecal samples to assess the genetic diversity and divergence among Turkmen kulan and Persian onager from five free-ranging and one captive population from Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Iran and compared their genetic constitution to the large autochthonous population in the Mongolian Gobi. We observed loss of genetic diversity (drift and inbreeding) in the captive and reintroduced populations as well as in one rapidly declining autochthonous population. Population differentiation and structure using microsatellites and mtDNA based phylogenetic analysis do not support the current separation of the autochthonous populations of Turkmen kulan and Persian onager into different subspecies, but rather suggest a cline with the Iranian population in Bahram-e-Goor at the southern end and the Turkmen population in Badhyz at the northern end falling into two distinct clusters, and the northern Iranian population in Touran being intermediate. We compare our findings to other population genetics studies of equids and discuss the implications of our findings for the future conservation of the Asiatic wild ass in the region. Asiatic wild ass · Equus hemionus · Microsatellites · MtDNA · Inbreeding · Reintroduction

• Couriot, Ophélie; Hewison, A. J. Mark; Saïd, Sonia; Cagnacci, Francesca; Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Truly sedentary? The multi-range tactic as a response to resource heterogeneity and unpredictability in a large herbivore. Oecologia. ISSN 0029-8549. 187(1), s. 47–60. doi: 10.1007/s00442-018-4131-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Much research on large herbivore movement has focused on the annual scale to distinguish between resident and migratory tactics, commonly assuming that individuals are sedentary at the within-season scale. However, apparently sedentary animals may occupy a number of sub-seasonal functional home ranges (sfHR), particularly when the environment is spatially heterogeneous and/or temporally unpredictable. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) experiences sharply contrasting environmental conditions due to its widespread distribution, but appears markedly sedentary over much of its range. Using GPS monitoring from 15 populations across Europe, we evaluated the propensity of this large herbivore to be truly sedentary at the seasonal scale in relation to variation in environmental conditions. We studied movement using net square displacement to identify the possible use of sfHR. We expected that roe deer should be less sedentary within seasons in heterogeneous and unpredictable environments, while migratory individuals should be seasonally more sedentary than residents. Our analyses revealed that, across the 15 populations, all individuals adopted a multi-range tactic, occupying between two and nine sfHR during a given season. In addition, we showed that (i) the number of sfHR was only marginally influenced by variation in resource distribution, but decreased with increasing sfHR size; and (ii) the distance between sfHR increased with increasing heterogeneity and predictability in resource distribution, as well as with increasing sfHR size. We suggest that the multirange tactic is likely widespread among large herbivores, allowing animals to track spatio-temporal variation in resource distribution and, thereby, to cope with changes in their local environment. Migration · Residency · Sub-seasonal functional home range · Plasticity · Roe deer

• Bredin, Yennie Katarina; Lescureux, Nicolas & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Local perceptions of jaguar conservation and environmental justice in Goiás, Matto Grosso and Roraima states (Brazil). Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 13. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.e00369. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife conservation often leads to various conflicts with other human activities, resulting in concerns about the justice of conservation. Although species' protection e notably of large carnivores e can have negative consequences for economic interests and human well-being, environmental justice issues related to species conservation are rarely explored. In Brazil, jaguars (Panthera onca) have become flagships for a series of conservation initiatives. Whereas jaguars' direct impact on cattle farming has been studied, their influence on other rural stakeholders is poorly understood. Here we study local people's views on jaguars and jaguar conservation across the Cerrado savannah and the Amazon rainforest biomes. Using Q-methodology, we identified five distinct narratives regarding jaguar conservation in relation to environmental justice issues. These were shared among fishermen, tourist guides, cattle breeders, crop farmers and jaguar hunters. Interestingly, we did not find any systematic differences in subjective views, across regions, or professions/ livelihood forms. However, our results showed a strong desire among the stakeholders for more local empowerment to influence the management of both jaguars and nature where they live. Moreover, we detected a widespread discontent with the lack of consistent implementation and predictable enforcement of environmental laws. Jaguar conservation Environmental justice Brazil Q methodology Local views

• Tucker, Marlee A.; Böhning-Gaese, Katrin; Fagan, William F.; Fryxell, John M.; Van Moorter, Bram & Alberts, Susan C. [Vis alle 115 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 359(6374), s. 466–469. doi: 10.1126/science.aam9712. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lute, Michelle L.; Carter, Neil H.; López-Bao, José V. & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Conservation professionals agree on challenges to coexisting with large carnivores but not on solutions. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 218, s. 223–232. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.035. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Although many studies explore characteristics of stakeholders or publics “for” or “against” large carnivores, disagreements among conservation professionals advocating different conservation strategies also occur, but are not well recognized. Differing viewpoints on whether and how humans can share landscapes with large carnivores can influence conservation policies. To characterize current viewpoints about terrestrial large carnivore conservation, we conducted an online survey assessing a wide range of viewpoints about large carnivore conservation among international professionals (n =505). We explored how variation in viewpoints was related to expertise, background, and broader institutional contexts in which one lives and works. The majority of participants agreed people and large carnivores can share the same landscapes (86%). Human adaptation to carnivores (95% agreement) and acceptance of some conflict (93%) were the highest ranked requirements for humancarnivore coexistence. We found broad consensus regarding intrinsic value of carnivores, reasons carnivores are imperilled, conflict drivers, and importance of proactive solutions, such as adopting preventative livestock husbandry methods or avoiding situations that put people at risk. The greatest polarization was observed in issues related to lethal control, where we only found broad consensus for killing carnivores in situations where humans are in immediate risk. Participants opposed the killing of large carnivores when objectives were to decrease population sizes or increase human tolerance, profits, livelihoods, or fear of humans. Results point to considerable diversity, perhaps driven by local context, concerning how to proceed with large carnivore conservation in the increasingly human-influenced landscapes of the Anthropocene. The different observed viewpoints represent both different strategies about how to best conserve, but also different moral platforms about what, how, where, and for whom conservation should occur. Our study underlines that challenges to adopting and implementing long-lasting carnivore conservation strategies may well occur as much within the conservation community as outside it. Coexistence Endangered species Predators Attitudes Lethal control Human-wildlife conflict Potential for conflict index

• Allen, Benjamin L.; Allen, Lee R.; Andrén, Henrik; Ballard, Guy; Boitani, Luigi & Engeman, Richard M. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Large carnivore science: non-experimental studies are useful, but experiments are better. Food Webs. ISSN 2352-2496. 13, s. 49–50. doi: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.06.002.
• Kelman, Ilan; Linnell, John Durrus; Thomassen, Jørn; Follestad, Arne & Risan, Thomas (2017). Tourism livelihoods in Smøla, Norway. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures (JMIC). ISSN 2212-6821. 6(1), s. 1–18. doi: 10.21463/jmic.2017.06.2.01. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Allen, Benjamin L.; Allen, Lee R.; Andrén, Henrik; Ballard, Guy; Boitani, Luigi & Engeman, Richard M. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Can we save large carnivores without losing large carnivore science? Food Webs. ISSN 2352-2496. 12, s. 64–75. doi: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.008.
• Redpath, Steve M.; Linnell, John Durrus; Festa-Bianchet, Marco; Boitani, Luigi; Bunnefeld, Nils & Dickman, Amy [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Don't forget to look down - collaborative approaches to predator conservation. Biological Reviews. ISSN 1464-7931. 92(4), s. 2157–2163. doi: 10.1111/brv.12326.
• Miller, Jennie; Linnell, John Durrus; Athreya, Vidya & Sen, Subharanjan (2017). Human–wildlife conflict in India. Addressing the source. Economic and Political Weekly. ISSN 0012-9976. L11(45), s. 23–25. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Approaches for resolving incidences of human–wildlife conflict such as predator attacks on people or livestock typically use methods that address physical loss but ignore social, cultural, and emotional trauma. To holistically and more permanently alleviate conflicts, wildlife management agencies and other conservation practitioners require resources and training in outreach and public relations, and need to expand their toolkit of approaches in order to connect with varied stakeholders in a greater diversity of settings.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Fleurke, Floor M. & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Norway's Wolf Policy and the Bern Convention on European Wildlife: Avoiding the “Manifestly Absurd”. Journal of international wildlife law and policy. ISSN 1388-0292. 20(2), s. 155–167. doi: 10.1080/13880292.2017.1346357. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In Norway, as in many other countries, a government-sponsored campaign against large carnivores was waged well into the twentieth century and eventually led to the disappearance of gray wolves (Canis lupus) from the country.1 By the 1960s, the species was considered functionally extinct both in Norway and neighboring Sweden. In 1971, wolves received legal protection under Norwegian law.2 Occasionally in subsequent years,wolves dispersing fromthe Russian-Finnish population made it into the Scandinavian Peninsula. In 1983, in the south-central Swedish–Norwegian border area, two of these immigrants produced a first litter of wild Scandinavian wolf pups again. The Scandinavian wolf population has been growing since and numbers over 400 individuals today, although only a small part of the population lives on the Norwegian side of the border. The threats faced by Scandinavian wolves include inbreeding, low levels of tolerance by some sectors of the rural public, and high levels of poaching.3 Since the official status of wolves in Norway switched from vermin to a protected species, wolf conservation and management has been an increasingly contested topic in the country, with the controversy generally peaking every time the Norwegian government authorizes a winter wolf hunt.4 Whereas some Norwegian citizens would like to seemanymore wolves in the country than the currently estimated 65– 68 animals (plus another 25wolves or sowhose range straddles the Sweden–Norway border), others would rather see them all disappear once more.5 The latest chapter in the Norwegian wolf saga began in summer 2016 when Parliament agreed on a new wolf policy. In the follow-up implementation of this national policy, the relevant RegionalManagement Authorities earmarked a total of 47 wolves—two-thirds of the national population— for culling in order to reduce sheep depredation, only to see the Climate and Environment Minister reverse this decision and reduce the number of wolves to be killed to 15.6 One international treaty has been an influential feature in debates on Norway’s wolf policy during the past three decades: the Council of Europe’s 1979 Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats.7 The discourse has, unfortunately, been affected by some tenacious misunderstandings concerning the compatibility of Norway’s constantly evolving wolf policy with the Convention. Our aim in this article is to reduce the confusion in this regard, in order to promote a constructive and well-informed debate regarding the future of wolf conservation and management in Norway. An added advantage of this focus is that it entails the legal analysis of certain features of the Bern Convention, the relevance of which extends far beyondNorwegian wolves, as they apply to European wildlife conservation at large.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Trouwborst, Arie & Fleurke, Floor M. (2017). When is it acceptable to kill a strictly protected carnivore? Exploring the legal constraints on wildlife management within Europe’s Bern Convention. Nature Conservation. ISSN 1314-6947. 21, s. 129–157. doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.21.12836. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As wolf populations expand across Europe, many countries face challenges in finding ways to address the concerns of some elements among the rural stakeholders who are being asked to share their landscapes with wolves for the first time in several generations. In these recovery landscapes, wolves are associated with a wide range of conflicts that include economic, psychological, perceptional, social, cultural and political dimensions. A recurring demand concerns the desire to introduce the use of carefully regulated lethal control of wolves, through either culling by state employees or hunting conducted by rural hunters. Introducing such measures can be very controversial, and many critics challenge their legality under the international wildlife conservation instruments that have nurtured wolf recovery. We evaluate this issue for the case of wolves in Norway, which are strictly protected under the Bern Convention. Drawing on the latest results of social science research, we present the multiple lines of argumentation that are often used to justify killing wolves and relate these to the criteria for exceptions that exist under the Bern Convention. We conclude that while the Convention provides apparent scope for allowing the killing of wolves as a means to address conflicts, this must be clearly justified and proportional to the conservation status of wolves so as to not endanger their recovery.

• Peters, Wibke Erika Brigitta; Hebblewhite, Mark; Mysterud, Atle; Spitz, Derek; Focardi, Stefano & Urbano, Ferdinando [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Migration in geographic and ecological space by a large herbivore. Ecological Monographs. ISSN 0012-9615. 87(2), s. 297–320. doi: 10.1002/ecm.1250. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Partial migration, when only part of the population migrates seasonally while the other part remains resident on the shared range, is the most common form of migration in ungulates. Migration is often defined by spatial separation of seasonal ranges and consequently, classification of individuals as migrants or residents is usually only based on geographic criteria. However, the underlying mechanism for migration is hypothesized to be movement in response to spatiotemporal resource variability and thus, migrants are assumed to travel an “ecological distance” (ED) or shift their realized ecological niches. While ecological and geographic distances should be related, their relationship may depend on landscape heterogeneity. Here, we tested the utility of ecological niche theory to both classify migratory individuals and to understand the underlying ecological factors for migratory behavior. We developed an integrative approach combining measures in geographic and ecological niche space and used this to classify and explain migratory behavior of 71 annual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movement trajectories in five European study areas. First, to assess the utility of the ED concept for classifying migratory behavior, we tested whether roe deer sought the same ecological conditions year-round or moved to different ecological conditions by measuring the annual ED travelled and the seasonal niche overlap using multivariate statistics. Comparing methods to classify migrants and residents based on geographic and ecological niche space, we found that migratory roe deer switched between seasons both in geographic and in ecological dimensions. Second, we tested which seasonal ecological factors separated resident from migrant niches using discriminant analysis and which broad-scale determinants (e.g., spatiotemporal forage variation and population density) predicted migration probability using generalized linear models. Our results indicated that factors describing forage and topographic variability discriminated seasonal migrant from resident niches. Determinants for predicting migration probability included the temporal variation (seasonality) and also the spatial variability of forage patches. Last, we also found suggestive evidence for a positive relationship between population density and migration probability. By applying the ecological niche concept to the study of partial migration in ungulates, our work underlines that partial migration is a form of behavioral plasticity. Key words: behavioral plasticity; Capreolus capreolus; ecological distance; large herbivores; niche switching; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; partial migration; realized niche; spatiotemporal variation; ungulates

• Ossi, Federico; Gaillard, Jean Michel; Hebblewhite, Mark; Morellet, Nicolas; Ranc, Nathan & Sandfort, Robin [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Plastic response by a small cervid to supplemental feeding in winter across a wide environmental gradient. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 8(1), s. 1–17. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1629. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trouwborst, Arie; Blackmore, Andrew; Boitani, Luigi; Bowman, Michael; Caddell, Richard & Chapron, Guillaume [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). International wildlife law: understanding and enhancing its role in conservation. BioScience. ISSN 0006-3568. 67(9), s. 784–790. doi: 10.1093/biosci/bix086. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Landa, Arild Magne; Flagstad, Øystein; Areskoug, Veronika; Linnell, John Durrus; Strand, Olav & Ulvund, Kristine R. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). The endangered Arctic fox in Norway—the failure and success of captive breeding and reintroduction. Polar Research. ISSN 0800-0395. 36(9), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1080/17518369.2017.1325139. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus L.) is listed as extinct in Finland, endangered in Sweden and critically endangered in Norway. Around 2000 there were only 40–60 adult individuals left, prompting the implementation of conservation actions, including a captive breeding programme founded from wild-caught pups. The initial breeding trials failed, probably because of stress among captive animals, and the programme was radically changed in 2005. Eight large enclosures within the species’ historical natural habitat were established, which had the positive effect of all pairs breeding in 2007. As of 2015, 385 pups (yearly average 37) were produced. In this ongoing programme, pups are released the winter (January–February) following their birth and have had an average first-year survival of 0.44. The release sites are prepared with artificial dens and a network of supplementary food dispensers, designed to work exclusively for the Arctic fox. After just four to seven years of releases, populations have been effectively re-established in three mountain areas where the species had been locally extinct. One of the newly re-established populations has become the largest population in Norway. Several other populations, including Swedish ones, have benefited considerably from successful immigration of released foxes. The number of wild-born pups that are descendants of released foxes has likely exceeded 600, and in 2014 50% of all free-living breeding pairs in mainland Norway included released foxes or their descendants. The Norwegian Arctic fox captive breeding programme has proven to be an important conservation action for the recovery of the Scandinavian Arctic fox population. Vulpes lagopus L, climate change; conservation actions; survival; lemming cycles; red fox competition

• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus; Gomez-Baggethun, Erik; Lindhjem, Henrik; Thomassen, Jørn & Chan, Kai M. (2017). Ecosystem Services and Cultural Values as Building Blocks for ‘The Good life’. A Case Study in the Community of Røst, Lofoten Islands, Norway. Ecological Economics. ISSN 0921-8009. 140, s. 166–176. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.003. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We examined the contribution of natural capital and social capital through the notion of cultural ecosystem services to shaping human well-being in the fishing community of Røst in the Lofoten Islands in Northern Norway. Through ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews, and a participatory scenarioworkshopwe develop four narratives centering on the links of nature and ecosystem services. Benefits derived from ecosystem services are fundamental building blocks in the local vision of ‘the good life’ and emerge from a combination of satisfied preferences and struggle, hardships, and capabilities inflicted by a demanding environment and challenging work conditions. Beyond a certain level of meeting basic needs and provisioning of essential public services, simplicity in life and local control over resources and surroundings was preferred over a multitude of other opportunities and services.Well-being was strongly linked to maintenance of identity through traditional practices for harvesting of natural resources, nurturing of skills, social cohesion, and acting meaningfully in one's local environment. In a relational perspective, cultural ecosystem services are constituted and given meaning through interaction with nature. The main policy implication is that contributions of natural and social capital to well-being proved to be hard to meaningfully separate. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ecosystem services Cultural values Well-being The good life Lofoten Norway

• Sanchez, David Carricondo; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2017). The range of the mange: Spatiotemporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as revealed by camera trapping. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176200. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Sarcoptic mange is a widely distributed disease that affects numerous mammalian species. We used camera traps to investigate the apparent prevalence and spatiotemporal dynamics of sarcoptic mange in a red fox population in southeastern Norway. We monitored red foxes for five years using 305 camera traps distributed across an 18000 km2 area. A total of 6581 fox events were examined to visually identify mange compatible lesions. We investigated factors associated with the occurrence of mange by using logistic models within a Bayesian framework, whereas the spatiotemporal dynamics of the disease were analysed with spacetime scan statistics. The apparent prevalence of the disease fluctuated over the study period with a mean of 3.15% and credible interval [1.25, 6.37], and our best logistic model explaining the presence of red foxes with mange-compatible lesions included time since the beginning of the study and the interaction between distance to settlement and season as explanatory variables. The scan analyses detected several potential clusters of the disease that varied in persistence and size, and the locations in the cluster with the highest probability were closer to human settlements than the other survey locations. Our results indicate that red foxes in an advanced stage of the disease are most likely found closer to human settlements during periods of low wild prey availability (winter). We discuss different potential causes. Furthermore, the disease appears to follow a pattern of small localized outbreaks rather than sporadic isolated events.

• Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Interpreting ‘favourable conservation status’ for large carnivores in Europe: how many are needed and how many are wanted? Biodiversity and Conservation. ISSN 0960-3115. 26(1), s. 37–61. doi: 10.1007/s10531-016-1238-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus; Thomassen, Jørn & Lindhjem, Henrik (2017). Complacency or resilience? Perceptions of environmental and social change in Lofoten and Vesterålen in northern Norway. Ocean and Coastal Management. ISSN 0964-5691. 138, s. 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Arctic and northern coastal regions are among the least developed in the world in terms of density of settlements, population and resource exploitation. It is often assumed that these regions will be frontiers of future change, conflict and opportunity due to climate change, new transportation routes, geopolitical tensions and increasing demands for their natural resources. But to what degree do global discourses about future challenges in northern coastal areas align with the perceptions and concerns of people living there? Identifying the mainstream public concepts of change can be essential for developing effective and legitimate policies for coastal regions. We surveyed a representative sample of residents in the Lofoten e Vesterålen archipelago in Northern Norway to identify their perceptions of the main conflict issues and drivers of change facing their region. Petroleum exploration, infrastructure development, the fishing industry, and uncertainty about future municipal governance and public services emerged as the key conflict themes. Perceptions of drivers group in positive forces; developments and improvements in transportation, the fishing industry, tourism, new marine industries and cultural heritage protection, as well as negative factors; climate change, aging and declining rural populations, degrading of the cultural landscape due to reduced grazing, and bureaucratic obstacles in the fishing industry. The main attention is on social and economic drivers of change, as well as “doorstep” concerns rather than global discourses. National or global environmental and geopolitical issues are largely absent in the responses.

• Lone, Karen; Mysterud, Atle; Gobakken, Terje; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Loe, Leif Egil (2017). Temporal variation in habitat selection breaks the catch-22 of spatially contrasting predation risk from multiple predators. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 126(5), s. 624–632. doi: 10.1111/oik.03486/full. Vis sammendrag

  Predator avoidance depends on prey being able to discern how risk varies in space and time, but this is made considerably more complicated if risk is simultaneously present from multiple predators. Th is is the situation for an increasing number of mammalian prey species, as large carnivores recover or are reintroduced in ecosystems on several continents. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus in southern Norway illustrate a case in which prey face two predators with contrasting patterns of predation risk. Th ey face a catch-22 situation: spatially avoiding the risk from one predator (lynx Lynx lynx in dense habitat) implies exposure to the other (hunters in open habitat). Using GPS-data from 29 roe deer, we tested for daily and seasonal variation in roe deer selection for habitat with respect to the habitats ’ year-round average risk level. Generally, roe deer altered their habitat selection between night and day in a pattern consistent with being able to avoid predicted risk from the nocturnal lynx during night and predicted risk from human hunters during day. However, seasonal variation in habitat selection only partially corresponded with the predicted seasonal variation in risk. Whereas roe deer avoided areas with high risk from hunters more strongly during the hunting season than in other seasons, there was a lack of selection towards areas and time periods lowering the risk of lynx predation during winter. It seems likely that the risk of starvation and thermal stress constrain roe deer habitat selection during this energetically challenging season with cold temperatures, snow cover and limited natural forage. Th e habitat selection pattern of roe deer fi ts thus only partly with the two contrasting risk gradients they face. Adjusting risk-avoidance behavior temporally can be an adaptive response in the case of several predators whose predation patterns diff er in space and time.

• Walton, Zea Ann; Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Stien, Audun & Odden, John (2017). The cost of migratory prey: seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasian lynx in northern Norway. Oikos. ISSN 0030-1299. 126(5), s. 642–650. doi: 10.1111/oik.03374. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Migratory prey is a widespread phenomenon that has implications for predator – prey interactions. By creating large temporal variation in resource availability between seasons it becomes challenging for carnivores to secure a regular year-round supply of food. Some predators may respond by following their migratory prey, however, most predators are sedentary and experience strong seasonal variation in resource availability. Increased predation on alternative prey may dampen such seasonal resource fl uctuations, but reduced reproduction rates in predators is a predicted consequence of migratory primary prey behavior that has received little empirical attention. We used data from 23 GPS collared Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx monitored during 2007 – 2013 in northern Norway, to examine how spatio-temporal variation in the migratory behavior of semi-domestic reindeer Rangifer tarandus infl uences lynx spatial organization and reproductive success using estimates of seasonal home range overlap and breeding success. We found that lynx of both sexes maintained seasonally stable home ranges and exhibited site fi delity across years, independent of whether they had access to reindeer throughout the year or experienced a scarcity of reindeer in winter due to migration. However, lynx without access to reindeer in winter showed a decreased probability of reproducing and a tendency for lowered kitten survival into their fi rst winter, when compared to female lynx with reindeer available year around. Th is supports the hypothesis that sedentary predators experience demographic costs in systems with migratory primary prey. Changes in the migratory behavior of ungulates, including disrupted migrations, is therefore likely to have bottom – up eff ects on the population dynamics of sedentary predators as well as the previously documented consequences for ungulate population dynamics.

• Jacobsen, Kim S. & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Perceptions of environmental justice and the conflict surrounding large carnivore management in Norway — Implications for conflict management. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 203, s. 197–206. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.041. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Human-wildlife conflict is increasingly being recognised as containing strong elements of social conflict. The extent to which stakeholders regard a management system as being just and fair is a key social dimension of conflict. This paper investigates the perceptions of justice regarding the carnivore conflict in Norway among sheep farmers, environmentalists and indigenous reindeer herders usingQ methodology. Three significant perspectives on environmental justice were identified, which we labelled the Carnivore Advocates (containing most environmentalists), the Carnivore Sceptics (containing most of the sheep farmers and reindeer herders) and the Bureaucratic Carnivore Sceptics (containing the remaining sheep farmers and a reindeer herder). The widest disagreement was over what constitutes environmental harm and environmental goods and how the costs and benefits should be distributed, indicating that fundamental differences in values and perceptions underlie the intractability of this conflict. However, the results of this study suggest that thewidespread conceptualisation of justice as strictly a matter of equitable distribution of costs and benefits is incomplete. Recognition justice, in the form of acknowledging group identity, lifestyle, knowledge and viewpoints, and seeking mutual respect for differences constituted a good in itself for all stakeholders. It cannot therefore just be viewed as a means to establish equitable distribution of goods and harms. Issues related to participatory justice were also identified, but were not attributed great importance. These results confirm the common assumption that the carnivore conflict in Norway is highly polarised. Because the two poles differ fundamentally in their value perceptions regarding carnivores and how that relates to their sense of identity, we characterise the human-wildlife conflict in Norway as a “wicked problem” where decisions regarding the management of carnivores is going to entail political prioritisation of one viewpoint over the other. Environmental justice Carnivore conservation Human-wildlife conflict Carnivore management and policy

• Linnell, John Durrus & Alleau, Julien (2016). Predators That Kill Humans: Myth, Reality, Context and the Politics of Wolf Attacks on People. I Angelici, Francesco M. (Red.), Problematic Wildlife: A cross-disciplinary approach. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-22245-5. s. 357–371. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_17.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra & Lescureux, Nicolas (2016). Human Dimensions of Wild Equid Management Exploring the Meanings of “Wild”. I Ransom, Jason I. & Kaczensky, Petra (Red.), Wild equids: ecology, management and conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISSN 9781421419091. s. 121–132.
• Carter, Neil H. & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Co-adaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 31(8), s. 575–578. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aronsson, Malin; Low, Matthew; López-Bao, José Vicente; Persson, Jens; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Intensity of space use reveals conditional sex-specific effects of prey and conspecific density on home range size. Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 6(9), s. 2957–2967. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2032. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Home range (HR) size variation is often linked to resource abundance, with sex differences expected to relate to sex-specific fitness consequences. However, studies generally fail to disentangle the effects of the two main drivers of HR size variation, food and conspecific density, and rarely consider how their relative influence change over spatiotemporal scales. We used location data from 77 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from a 16-year Scandinavian study to examine HR sizes variation relative to prey and conspecific density at different spatiotemporal scales. By varying the isopleth parameter (intensity of use) defining the HR, we show that sex-specific effects were conditional on the spatial scale considered. Males had larger HRs than females in all seasons. Females’ total HR size declined as prey and conspecific density increased, whereas males’ total HR was only affected by conspecific density. However, as the intensity of use within the HR increased (from 90% to 50% isopleth), the relationship between prey density and area showed opposing patterns for females and males; for females, the prey density effect was reduced, while for males, prey became increasingly important. Thus, prey influenced the size of key regions within male HRs, despite total HR size being independent of prey density. Males reduced their HR size during the mating season, likely to remain close to individual females in estrous. Females reduced their HR size postreproduction probably because of movement constrains imposed by dependent young. Our findings highlight the importance of simultaneously considering resources and intraspecific interactions as HR size determinants. We show that sex-specific demands influence the importance of prey and conspecific density on space use at different spatiotemporal scales. Thus, unless a gradient of space use intensity is examined, factors not related to total HR size might be disregarded despite their importance in determining size of key regions within the HR. Capreolus capreolus, carnivore, kernel home range estimator, ranging behavior, spatiotemporal variation, utilization distribution.

• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andren, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2016). Predation or scavenging? Prey body condition influences decision-making in a facultative predator, the wolverine. Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 7(8). doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1407. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The interaction between predators and their prey is a key factor driving population dynamics and shaping wildlife communities. Most predators will scavenge in addition to killing their own prey, which alters predation effects and implies that one cannot treat these as independent processes. However, the relative importance of predation vs. scavenging and the mechanisms driving variation of such are relatively unstudied in ecological research on predator–prey relationships. Foraging decisions in facultative predators are likely to respond to environmental conditions (e.g., seasonality) and inter-or intraspecific interactions (e.g., prey availability, presence of top predators, scavenging competition). Using data on 41 GPS-collared wolverines (Gulo gulo) during 2401 monitoring days, in four study sites in Scandinavia, we studied variation in diet and feeding strategies (predation vs. scavenging), along a gradient of environmental productivity, seasonality, density, and body mass of their main prey, semidomestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The most important factor affecting the relative extent of predation and scavenging was mean prey body mass. Predation was more pronounced in summer, when vulnerable reindeer calves are abundant, and individual kill rates were negatively related to local reindeer body mass. This relationship was absent in winter. The probability of scavenging was higher in winter and increased with decreasing local reindeer body mass, likely as a response to increased carrion supply. Wolverine feeding strategy was further influenced by predictable anthropogenic food resources (e.g., slaughter remains from hunted ungulates) and the presence of a top predator, Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), which provided a continuous carrion supply promoting scavenging. Our results suggest that wolverine feeding strategies are flexible and strongly influenced by seasonally dependent responses to prey body condition in combination with carrion supply. This study demonstrates that large-scale environmental variation can result in contrasting predator feeding strategies, strongly affecting trophic interactions and potentially shaping the dynamics of ecological communities. competition; facilitation; food hoarding; individual-based studies; Lynx lynx; mustelidae; predator–prey; resource use; seasonality.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Trouwborst, Arie; Boitani, Luigi; Kaczensky, Petra; Huber, Djuro & Reljic, Slaven [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Border security fencing and wildlife: The end of the transboundary paradigm in Eurasia? PLoS Biology. ISSN 1544-9173. 14(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002483. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The ongoing refugee crisis in Europe has seen many countries rush to construct border security fencing to divert or control the flow of people. This follows a trend of border fence construction across Eurasia during the post-9/11 era. This development has gone largely unnoticed by conservation biologists during an era in which, ironically, transboundary cooperation has emerged as a conservation paradigm. These fences represent a major threat to wildlife because they can cause mortality, obstruct access to seasonally important resources, and reduce effective population size.We summarise the extent of the issue and propose concrete mitigation measures.

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Brøseth, Henrik; Gimenez, Olivier; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Odden, John & Flagstad, Øystein [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Sharing data improves monitoring of trans-boundary populations: the case of wolverines in central Scandinavia. Wildlife Biology. ISSN 0909-6396. 22(3), s. 95–106. doi: 10.2981/wlb.00142. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  of wide-ranging species are likely to extend across multiple jurisdictions, including national and international borders. This requires that local institutions implement data sharing and a standardization of monitoring designs. However, a formal evaluation of the benefits of integrated monitoring systems had not, of yet, been performed. Using the wolverines in central Scandinavia as a study case, we assessed the benefits of data sharing for the monitoring of trans-boundary populations. We also assessed the performance of two demographic monitoring systems, one relying on a count of reproductive units, the other resulting from non-invasive genetic sampling and capture-recapture modeling. Sharing data across the border between Norway and Sweden allowed a strong increase in the precision of population size, population growth rate and vital rates estimates. It also allowed revealing that the probability to emigrate from Sweden to Norway was significantly higher than in the opposite direction, a required condition for the existence of a source–sink dynamics. These findings would have been impossible without trans-boundary data sharing. While the den count monitoring provided an estimated population growth of 138% over the 12-year period, the DNA-based estimate was only 72%. A positive trend likely occurred in the detectability of wolverine dens during the first years of the study, and the index was not able to separate the actual demographic trend from the trend in the system’s ability to detect reproductions, thus providing positively biased estimates of population growth rate during the initial phase of the study. Data sharing is a crucial need for the study of the processes occurring in trans-boundary populations. It should be enhanced wherever trans-boundary ecological processes occur. Also, managers should be aware that count-based monitoring has a risk of overestimating population growth during the first years after its implementation.

• Mabille, Geraldine; Stien, Audun; Tveraa, Torkild; Mysterud, Atle; Brøseth, Henrik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Mortality and lamb body mass growth in free-ranging domestic sheep – environmental impacts including lethal and non-lethal impacts of predators . Ecography. ISSN 0906-7590. 39(8), s. 763–773. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01379. Vis sammendrag

  The management and recovery of large predator populations in areas where human persecution has driven them to ecological extinction requires a solid understanding of the effects of both predation and food limitation on prey populations. We used 11 yr of data on reported losses among 17.3 million free-ranging sheep Ovis aries in the Norwegian farming industry to elucidate the relative roles of climate, vegetation characteristics, sheep densities, lamb body mass and densities of predators and alternative prey on the number of lambs and ewes lost on summer pastures. We first examined whether predator densities predicted autumn lamb body mass through possible impacts of predators on body growth (non-lethal effects) but found no evidence for such effects in our study system. This might be due to weak anti-predator behavioral responses in domesticated sheep. However, autumn lamb body mass was predicted by both sheep density and winter and spring weather conditions, probably through food availability. Losses of both lambs and ewes were positively and strongly related to the density of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx , wolverine Gulo gulo and brown bear Ursus arctos. In addition, food availability and spring weather conditions were associated to losses of lambs, while precipitation in May predicted losses of ewes. There was little evidence for interaction effects of predator species on losses, suggesting that most of the effects of the predators were additive to each other. Given the strong effect of predator densities on sheep losses, we conclude that changing livestock husbandry practices towards a system that actively protects sheep and/or active management of predator densities may be necessary to reduce sheep losses where predators are recolonizing.

• Cagnacci, Francesca; Focardi, Stefano; Ghisla, Anne; Van Moorter, Bram; Merril, Evelyn H. & Gurarie, Eliezer [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). How many routes lead to migration? Comparison of methods to assess and characterize migratory movements. Journal of Animal Ecology. ISSN 0021-8790. 85(1), s. 54–68. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12449. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Summary 1. Decreasing rate of migration in several species as a consequence of climate change and anthropic pressure, together with increasing evidence of space-use strategies intermediate between residency and complete migration, are very strong motivations to evaluate migration occurrence and features in animal populations. 2. The main goal of this paper was to perform a relative comparison between methods for identifying and charact erizing migration at the individual and population level on the basis of animal location data. 3. We classified 104 yearly individual trajectories from five populations of three deer species as migratory or non-migratory, by means of three methods: seasonal home range overlap, spatio-temporal separation of seasonal clusters and the Net Squared Displacement (NSD) method. For migr atory cases, we also measured timing and distance of migration and resi- dence time on the summer range. Finally, we comp ared the classification in migration cases across methods and populations. 4. All methods consistently identified migration at the population level, that is, they coherently dis- tinguished between complete or almost complete migr atory populations and partially migratory populations. Ho wever, in the latter case, methods co heren tly classified only about 50% of the sin- gle cases, that is they classified differently at the individual-animal level. We therefore infer that the compariso n of methods may help point to ‘less-stereo typed ’ cases in the residency -to-migration continuum. For ca ses consistently classified by all methods, no signifi cant differences were found in migration distance, or residence time on summer ranges. Timing of migration estimated by NSD was ea rlier than by the other two methods, both for spring and autumn migrations. 5. We suggest three steps to identify improper inferences from migration data and to enhance understanding of intermedia te space-use strategies. We recommend (i) classifying migration behaviours using more than one method, (ii) performing sensitivity analysis on method parame- ters to identify the extent of the differences and (iii) investigating inconsistently classified cases as these may often be ecologically interest ing (i.e. less-stereotyped migratory behaviours). adehabitat, hom e range overlap, movement patterns, Net Squared Displacement, red deer, reindeer, residence behaviour, roe deer, spatial clusters

• Athreya, Vidya; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus; Krishnaswamy, Jagdish & Karanth, K. Ullas (2016). A cat among the dogs: leopard Panthera pardus diet in a human-dominated landscape in western Maharashtra, India. Oryx. ISSN 0030-6053. 50(1), s. 156–162. doi: 10.1017/S0030605314000106. Vis sammendrag

  The ecology and predator–prey dynamics of large felids in the tropics have largely been studied in natural systems where wild ungulates constitute the majority of the prey base. However, human-dominated landscapes can be rich in potential prey for large carnivores because of the high density of domestic animals, especially in tropical countries where pastoralism is an important livelihood activity. We report the almost complete dependence of leopards Panthera pardus on domestic animals as prey in the crop lands of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India. From analysis of 85 confirmed leopard scats, 87% of the leopard’s prey biomass consisted of domestic animals, with 39% consisting of domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris alone. The only wild species that occurred in the leopard’s diet were rodents, small indian civet Viverricula indica, bonnet macaque Macaca radiata and other primates Semnopithecus spp., mongoose Herpestes spp., and birds. Interviews conducted in 77 households distributed randomly in the study area documented a high density of domestic animals: adult cattle Bos taurus, calves, goats Capra aegagrus, dogs and cats Felis catus occurred at densities of 169, 54, 174, 24 and 61 per km2, respectively. Ivlev’s electivity index indicated that dogs and cats were over-represented in the leopard’s diet, given the higher densities of goats and cattle. The standing biomass of dogs and cats alone was sufficient to sustain the high density of carnivores at the study site. Our results show that the abundance of potential domestic prey biomass present in human-use areas supports a relatively high density of predators, although this interaction could result in conflict with humans.

• Boitani, Luigi & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Bringing large mammals back: large carnivores in Europe. I Pereira, Henrique M. & Navarro, Laetitia M. (Red.), Rewilding European Landscapes. Springer. ISSN 978-3-319-12039-3. s. 67–84. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12039-3_4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The last century has seen a dramatic reversal in the status of large carnivores in Europe. A suite of co-occurring factors has permitted a large-scale recovery of most populations. We currently recognise 10 populations of each species, most of which are transboundary in nature. The sizes of these populations vary from some tens to many thousand, with current estimates being around 17,000 bears, 10,000 wolves and 10,000 lynx in Europe (excluding Russia). As the situation moves from averting extinction to planning recovery it is logical to ask how far the recovery can go, and what our conservation goals should be, especially in light of the emerging rewilding discourse. For a variety of ecological, practical and strategic reasons, it seems unlikely that restoring “wilderness” or “natural ecological processes” (in the sense that human activity and influence are excluded) will serve as general models for large carnivore conservation on a large scale. We suggest a focus on developing a “coexistence” model that aims to create a sustainable interaction between humans and large carnivores by encouraging conservation of these species in very large areas of the European landscape, encouraging the development of a wide range of ecological processes, including predation and scavenging, while accepting that human influence on all trophic levels is pervasive, legitimate, necessary and often even desirable. This constitutes a desire to create a new form of relationship between humans and wildness that has never existed before, and therefore does not fall within the conventional meanings of the rewilding paradigm. Large carnivores · Coexistence · Natural ecological process · Herbivory · Social tolerance · Human impact

• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Defining scales for managing biodiversity and natural resources in the face of conflicts. I Redpath, S.M.; Gutiérrez, R.J.; Wood, K.A. & Young, J.C. (Red.), Conflicts in conservation: navigation toward solutions. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781107603462. s. 212–222. doi: 10.1017/cbo9781139084574.016.
• Alleau, Julien & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). The story of a man-eating beast in Dauphiné, France (1746-1756). I Masius, Patrick & Sprenger, Jana (Red.), A Fairytale in Question: Historical Interactions between Humans and Wolves. White Horse Press. ISSN 9781874267843. s. 79–100.
• Bouyer, Yaëlle; Rigot, Thibaud; Panzacchi, Manuela; Van Moorter, Bram; Poncin, Pascal & Beudels-Jamar, Roseline C. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Using zero-inflated models to predict the relative distribution and abundance of roe deer over very large spatial scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici. ISSN 0003-455X. 52(1-2), s. 66–76. doi: 10.5735/086.052.0206.
• Mills, James A.; Teplitsky, Céline; Arroyo, Beatriz; Charmantier, Anne; Becker, Peter H. & Birkhead, Tim R. [Vis alle 63 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Archiving primary data: solutions for long-term studies. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 30(10), s. 581–589. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.07.006.
• Kvernhaugen Norum, Jørgen; Lone, Karen; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Loe, Leif Egil & Mysterud, Atle (2015). Landscape of risk to roe deer imposed by lynx and different human hunting tactics. European Journal of Wildlife Research. ISSN 1612-4642. 61(6), s. 831–840. doi: 10.1007/s10344-015-0959-8.
• White, S; Briers, R.A.; Bouyer, Y.; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Eurasian lynx natal den site and maternal home-range selection in multi-use landscapes of Norway. Journal of Zoology. ISSN 0952-8369. 297(2), s. 87–98. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12260. Vis sammendrag

  In carnivores, securing suitable den sites with associated early maternal home ranges is important for successful reproduction, and understanding natal den site selection is essential to ensure that these habitats are protected from human disturbance. This study investigated Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx natal den site selec- tion across multiple use landscapes in Norway and explores whether the selection of early maternal home ranges across southern Norway involved a trade-off of security for access to their preferred prey species, roe deer Capreolus capreolus. The characteristics of natal dens and home ranges from 33 reproductive events were quantified across south-eastern and northern Norway. Natal dens were located in terrain further from the most accessible and disturbed areas (public roads) and in terrain more rugged than generally available. Early maternal home ranges were characterized by low human and low road density in rugged terrain and a selection for areas associated with higher or lower roe deer densities was not important in our analysis. Humans are the dominant cause of lynx mortality throughout Norway and our findings suggest that female lynx primarily chose areas that limited their interaction with people during the denning period. Eurasian lynx; natal den; rugged terrain; disturbance; human activity; maternal behaviour; habitat selection; den site selection

• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Body mass relationships affect the age structure of predation across carnivore-ungulate systems: A review and synthesis. Mammal Review. ISSN 0305-1838. 45(4), s. 253–266. doi: 10.1111/mam.12047. Vis sammendrag

  1. The size or body mass of predators relative to prey plays a key role in structur- ing animal communities, as the strength of predator–prey interactions is often dependent on the body mass relationship. Also, in long-lived species, a direct func- tional relationship exists between adult survival and population growth rate. Therefore, any cause of mortality acting on the adult segment of the population is expected to exert a strong influence on population performance. 2. Despite the large amount of literature available on carnivore–ungulate preda- tion patterns, the relationship of predator and prey body mass with the age struc- ture of predation has not yet been synthesised within a common framework. We review the main studies conducted during the last five decades on carnivore– ungulate predation patterns, and synthesise how the body mass relationship influ- ences the age composition of individuals killed. 3. For each study,we compiled the predator and prey species under study, their body mass and sex, the geographical location of the study site, the methodology used, and the resulting age composition of individuals killed, at the highest available resolu- tion. We used generalised linear mixed effects models to assess the influence of all these variables on the proportion of individuals killed consisting of juveniles. 4. The proportion of indivi duals killed that were juvenile in a given predator– prey system was st rongly dependent on prey body mass, with a positive asymptotic relationship. The asymptote value decreased for increasing predator body mass. Also, felids and canids followed different trajectories. Male predators killed more adults than female predators, and the proportion of juveniles in their diet was lower when predators were preying on solitary ungulates, than when they were preying on species living in groups or herds. 5. Morphological and behavioural traits of predator and prey species interact to influence the age structure of predation, with possible consequences on the poten- tial for different carnivore species to affect their prey demography.

• Bouyer, Yaëlle; San Martin, Gilles; Poncin, Pascal; Beudels-Jamar, Roseline C.; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Eurasian lynx habitat selection in human-modified landscape in Norway: Effects of different human habitat modifications and behavioral states. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 191, s. 291–299. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.007.
• Gervasi, Vincenzo; Brøseth, Henrik; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Ellegren, Hans; Flagstad, Øystein & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Compensatory immigration counteracts conrtasting conservation strategies of wolverines (Gulo gulo) within Scandinavia. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 191, s. 632–639. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.07.024.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Wotschikowsky, Ulrich; Lescureux, Nicolas & Boitani, Luigi (2015). Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation. Conservation Biology. ISSN 0888-8892. 29(4), s. 978–985. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12534. Vis sammendrag

  A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low-intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale.cultural landscape; dualism; Europe; protected area; red deer; wild horses; wilderness; área protegida; caballos silvestres; ciervo rojo; dualismo; Europa; naturaleza; paisaje cultural

• Trouwborst, Arie; Krofel, Miha & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: the case of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation. ISSN 0960-3115. 24(10), s. 2593–2610. doi: 10.1007/s10531-015-0948-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Duncan, Clare; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus & Pettorelli, Nathalie (2015). Life-history attributes and resource dynamics determine intraspecific home-range sizes in Carnivora. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2056-3485. doi: 10.1002/rse2.6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Home ranges capture a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, resulting from interactions between metabolic demands and resource availability. Yet, the understanding of their emergence is currently limited by lack of consideration of the covariation between intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. We analysed intraspecific home-range size (HRS) variation with respect to life histories and remotely sensed proxies of resource dynamics for 21 Carnivora species. Our best model explained over half of the observed variability in intraspecific HRS across populations of multiple species. At the species level, median HRS was smaller for omnivorous species and increased with increasing body mass (model R2 = 0.66). Here, HRS scaled with body mass at 0.80, a value much closer to the expected allometric scaling of 0.75 than previously reported. At the intraspecific level, while much variation was driven by intrinsic factors (body mass, diet, social organization and sex; R2 = 0.39), inclusion of spatiotemporal variation in extrinsic factors (average resource availability and seasonality) enabled explanation of a further 13% of observed variability in HRS. We found no evidence for interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic HRS drivers, suggesting a generally ubiquitous influence of resource availability on space-use. Our findings illustrate how spatial and temporal information on resource dynamics as derived by satellite data can significantly improve our understanding of HRS variation at the interspecific and intraspecific levels, and urge caution in interpreting HRS allometry in the face of large intraspecific variation. Moreover, our results highlight the importance of considering life-history constraints in modelling intraspecific space-use and HRS. Body mass, carnivore, home range, NDVI, resource availability, space-use

• Bredin, Yennie Katarina; Lindhjem, Henrik; van Dijk, Jiska Joanneke & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Mapping value plurality towards ecosystem services in the case of Norwegian wildlife management: A Q analysis. Ecological Economics. ISSN 0921-8009. 118, s. 198–206. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.07.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  For many deep-rooted resource conflicts where the cultural component of ecosystem services (ES) is strong, standard monetary valuation may be methodologically difficult and not always meaningful. A deeper understanding of the value plurality of key stakeholders may be called for to develop acceptable policies. We use the Q method to analyse the perceived and actual trade-offs related to Norwegian wildlife management, a source of prominent conflict in Norway. We identify and classify distinct arguments in thewildlife management debate following the ES framework, and use the Q method to explore extant/prominent narratives characterising stakeholders' perceptions of the importance of arguments about biodiversity and ES. Finally, we reflect on whether and to what extent the Q method can contribute to our understanding of resource conflicts, underlying values, and ES trade-offs. Three clear narratives appeared: Pro-sheep grazing (cultural), pro-carnivore conservation (intrinsic) and a middle position emphasising recreational hunting (utilitarian). Despite considerable disagreement among narratives, the Q analysis also revealed areas of common ground useful for developing acceptable policies. Given the inherent complexity of socio-ecological systems, it is useful to draw from a diverse toolbox of methods, including the Q method for ES analysis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Q method Values Carnivores Conservation Ecosystem services

• Bouyer, Yaëlle; Gervasi, Vincenzo; Poncin, Pascal; Beudels-Jamar, Roseline C.; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance by a large carnivore: The case of Eurasian lynx in south-eastern Norway. Animal Conservation. ISSN 1367-9430. 18(3), s. 271–278. doi: 10.1111/acv.12168.
• Bredin, Yennie Katarina; Linnell, John Durrus; Silveira, Leandro; Tôrres, Natália M.; Jácomo, Anah A. & Swenson, Jon (2015). Institutional stakeholders' views on jaguar conservation issues in central Brazil. Global Ecology and Conservation. ISSN 2351-9894. 3, s. 814–823. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.04.010. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivore management is typically a source of heated controversy worldwide and, in the Americas, jaguars (Panthera onca) are at the centre of many human–wildlife conflicts. Although findings suggest that social, rather than economic, factors are important reasons for why humans kill jaguars, few studies focus on stakeholder attitudes towards jaguar conservation beyond quantifying livestock depredation. Yet insights from other large carnivore conflicts demonstrate the importance of the political landscape and stakeholder attitudes in carnivore conservation. To explore the extent to which stakeholder views about jaguar conservation aligned with institutional arrangements, we conducted a stakeholder analysis among personnel working for key institutions in central Brazil. Using Q methodology, we identified three stakeholder perspectives focusing on: A) jaguars’ intrinsic right to exist; B) wider ecocentric values; and C) contesting jaguar-focused conservation. The three institutional stakeholder groups all accepted the jaguar’s fundamental right to exist and agreed that it was important to establish protected areas for jaguars. Yet, institutional stakeholder views diverged regarding the desired distribution of jaguars in Brazil, hunting policies, and the effects of hunting and development projects on jaguar conservation. These differences and their underlying motivations are important to consider for successful jaguar conservation strategies in Brazil. Jaguar Stakeholder Conservation Conflict Q methodology

• Mabille, Geraldine; Stien, Audun; Tveraa, Torkild; Mysterud, Atle; Brøseth, Henrik & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Sheep farming and large carnivores: What are the factors influencing claimed losses? Ecosphere. ISSN 2150-8925. 6(5), s. 1–17. doi: 10.1890/ES14-00444.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Large carnivore populations are recovering in many parts of the world and this generates conflicts with humans, notably in terms of livestock depredation. Governmental programs of mitigation measures and compensation for losses are often implemented to reduce conflicts, but the factors affecting losses are poorly understood. We used 11 years of data on domestic sheep (Ovis aries) claimed, and confirmed, to have been killed by predators in Norway to evaluate how predator density, flock management, and other environmental or habitat-related variables are related to losses. The percentage of animals claimed as lost that was found and confirmed to have been killed by large predators (i.e., the detection rate) was low, especially for sheep claimed as killed by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), wolverine (Gulo gulo) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Still, we generally found that similar factors predicted the number of claims and number of carcasses found across predator species. Predator density was strongly associated with losses, especially for sheep claimed as killed by brown bears (Ursus arctos), lynx and wolverines. Percentage of forest in the pastures, average slaughter weight of the lambs (an indicator of the forage conditions during summer) and vegetation characteristics in the spring also predicted the number of sheep claimed and found killed by lynx, wolverines and eagles. Factors related to losses due to wolves (Canis lupus) were harder to ascertain, possibly because of the severity of mitigation measures (e.g., electric fences) taken to protect sheep in wolf territories, a factor we were not able to include in our large scale analyses. Patrolling of the grazing area and early gathering of sheep in the autumn were not associated with a substantial reduction in losses. However, our dataset was not well suited to evaluate the efficiency of those mitigation strategies. Our findings could help develop new mitigation strategies as alternatives to predator removal where large carnivore conservation is a concern. Aquila chrysaetos; Canis lupus; depredation; detection rates; ex post facto compensation scheme; flock management; Gulo gulo; Lynx lynx; Ovis aries; predator-prey interactions; Scandinavia; Ursus arctos.

• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). A catch-22 conflict: Access to semi-domestic reindeer modulates Eurasian lynx depredation on domestic sheep. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. 179, s. 116–122. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Conserving large carnivores in multi-use landscape is a global challenge. In northern Norway the presence of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) conflicts greatly with the current ways of keeping free-grazing, unguarded livestock in large carnivore habitat. In contrast to most other places in Europe, livestock (sheep Ovis aries, reindeer Rangifer tarandus) are the only ungulate prey available for lynx in this area. The relative preference by lynx for these two domestic species will strongly influence depredation pressure for the respective species. We examined predation patterns on domestic sheep in summer from 17 GPS-collared lynx that had access to both free ranging sheep and reindeer. During 1115 lynx monitoring days, we documented 47 sheep and 274 reindeer killed by lynx. Most lynx individuals selected reindeer over sheep and the probability for a kill to be a sheep increased at low reindeer densities combined with high sheep densities. Kill rates on sheep were several times lower than for reindeer and were not related to density of livestock. General avoidance and low kill rates on sheep by most lynx generated low predation pressure on sheep within the reindeer husbandry, similar to what has been observed in areas of high roe deer densities. However, even a small shift of herd location within the designated summer grazing areas for reindeer could potentially cause a significant increase in depredation on sheep locally. This is one of several studies demonstrating that the density of alternative prey can modulate kill rates on livestock, which is important to include in spatially explicit risk models of large carnivore depredation on livestock.

• Burke, Brian J.; Finn, Aibhlin; Flanagan, David T.; Fogarty, Danielle M.; Foran, Maeve & O'Sullivan, John D. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Reintroduction of white-tailed eagles to the Republic of Ireland: a case study of media coverage. Irish Geography. ISSN 0075-0778. 47(1), s. 95–115. doi: 10.2014/igj.v47i1.451. Vis sammendrag

  Media can be important in the success or failure of conservation projects. This study examined newspaper coverage of the white-tailed eagle reintroduction to the Republic of Ireland to examine public awareness and attitudes towards the project, and the resultant influence on changes to national legislation and the likely success of the project in the future. National, local newspaper and a special-interest farming newspaper articles, from 2007-2011, were categorised as ‘positive’, ‘negative’ or ‘ambiguous’ according to their portrayal of eagles. Media coverage in terms of the number and valence of articles published is discussed in the context of key events during the study period, namely poisoning incidents, increased stakeholder engagement and changes to national legislation. The eagles received considerable newspaper coverage: most articles were in 2007, the first year of white-tailed eagle reintroduction, and 2010, when the issue of poisoning was finally addressed in Irish legislation. Articles were mostly positive while project staff engaged with media throughout the study period providing updates, condemning poisonings and responding to misinformation published. The future prospects for the project seemed positive, with appropriate newspaper coverage and information relating to legislative changes to benefit white-tailed eagles and several other species.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Aukenthaler, Heinrich; Hofer, Alberich; Linnell, John Durrus; Mettler, Daniel & Miller, Christine [Vis alle 27 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Der Wolf im Visier - Konflikte und Lösungsansätze. Athesia Tappeiner Verlag. ISBN 978-88-6839-569-8. 351 s.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lescureux, Nicolas (2015). Livestock guarding dogs : cultural heritage icons with a new relevance for mitigating conservation conflicts. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISBN 978-82-426-3500-6. 75 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Linnell, John Durrus (2024). Wolf conservation in Europe - how to live with conservation success?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stockwell, Billy (2024). Europe saved its bears from extinction. Now some countries want more rights to shoot them. [Internett]. CNN.com.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Koch, Julia (2024). Schützen oder Töten: Das Märchen vom bösen Wolf. [Internett]. Spiegel Wissenschaft.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2023). Weg frei für die Jagd auf Wölfe in Europa? [Internett]. Spektrum.de.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). The EU Review of Wolf Protection Status. [Internett]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). Fermi tutti, babbo natale nqn ha quasi piu renne. [Avis]. Il Venerdi.
• Panzacchi, Manuela & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Fermi tutti, Babbo Natale non ha quasi più renne. [Avis]. Il Venerdi di Repubblica.
• Linnell, John Durrus & García-Ajforín, Lola (2023). La Europa de los muros. [Internett]. El Confidencial.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Reconnectiong people and nature. What is the apropriate relationship between humans and wildlife?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Brevik, Hilde-Christine (2023). Snøhvit eller Hvitveis? Se navneforslagene og stem fram det navnet du liker best. [Internett]. Tønsbergs Blad Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Living with success in wildlife conservation: does coexistence require active management?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nadotti, Cristina (2023). L'Ue rivede lo status di protezione dei lupi, ma l'obiettivo non è la conservazione. [Avis]. La Repubblica.
• Zimmermann, Alexandra; Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Glickman, Jenny A.; Marchini, Silvio & Hill, Catherine [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Human-wildlife conflict: a global conservation challenge. I Zimmermann, Alexandra; Inskip, Chloe & Stevens, James (Red.), IUCN SSC guidelines on human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). ISSN 978-2-8317-2234-4. s. 2–9. doi: 10.2305/YGIK2927. Vis sammendrag

  Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety, livelihood and well-being of people. Retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict between groups of people about what should be done to resolve the situation. Human-wildlife conflicts also negatively affect communities whose support for, and benefit from, wider conservation goals is easily eroded by recurring negative interactions with species close to their lands, fields and homes. Effective and sustainable methods to mitigate and manage these situations are elusive or are often not implemented in a socially or economically sustainable way. Each situation is different, with its own history and unique complications, limiting the transferability of methods for reducing the impacts of species as well as people’s behaviour. Human-wildlife conflicts involve recurring interactions between people and wildlife yet are always underpinned by social conflicts between groups of people. The species involved may include a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic species – from large cats, bears, elephants, deer, primates, sharks, seals, crocodilians, snakes, rhinos and otters, to invertebrates and plants – and these can be of varying degrees of conservation concern. Typically, human-wildlife conflict cases involving threatened, iconic or well-known species attract the most attention, and in turn the highest volume of voices, opinions, arguments or media coverage. For example, although venomous snakes kill far more people each year in India than do Asian elephants, the latter inevitably tend to gather disproportionately more attention.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Gjerstadberget, Kari (2023). Ikke rør disse, selv om de ligger i hagen din! [Avis]. Glåmdalen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kjærnli Kristiansen, Emelie (2023). Jaktet tiur - fanget gaupe. [Avis]. Adresseavisen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mæhre Vold, Liv Maren (2023). Ulveangrepet: - Veldig spesiell hendelse. [Internett]. Tynsetingen Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lahn, Knut-Erik (2023). Dette synet fikk Eivind til å sperre opp øynene - Veldig spesielt. [Avis]. Tønsberg Blad.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Geelen, Jean-Pierre (2023). Europese hekken tegen mensen belemmeren ook dieren, en dat is mogelijk in strijd met Europese regels. [Avis]. de Volkskrant.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hillsdon, Mark (2023). Could biodiversity be a key to better forest carbon storage in Europe? [Internett]. Mongabay.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Misicka, Susan (2023). When it’s legal to shoot the wrong wolf. [Internett]. SWI swissinfo.ch.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Scillitani, Laura (2023). La prima conferenza mondiale per la coesistenza con la fauna. [Internett]. Scienzainrete.it.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Stakeholders and marine restoration.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Multiple dimensions of sustainability.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Birte, Bredow (2023). Drei tote Schafe – was über den Bären in Bayern bekannt ist. [Tidsskrift]. Spiegel Panorama.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Games without frontiers?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Samfunnsutviklingen - betydning for hjorteviltforvaltningen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Wolves and livestock: stakeholders and science.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2023). What future for large carnivores in Europe? Chasing the elusive state of coexistence.
• Angoh, Siow Yan Jennifer; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Brainerd, Scott Michael (2023). Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten (Martes martes) occurrence in Norway. Vis sammendrag

  The pine marten Martes martes is a forest denizen often associated with late seral stage stands. Earlier research indicates that this species may be negatively impacted by modern forestry practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods upon pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four years of countrywide data from a long-term camera trap (CT) survey in Norway. We used a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate how pine marten occurrence at multiple spatial scales is related to clearcuts and forests over 120 years old. We additionally tested how pine marten occurrence responded to factors such as habitat features and temporal changes in the environment (e.g., snow depth and temperature). We found that pine martens occurred in most Norwegian landscapes, independent of the proportions of old forest and clearcuts. However, at the habitat patch scale, we found that pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest and terrain ruggedness, while there were no association with (nearby) clearcuts. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability (which we interpret as the intensity of use of CT sites) was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, we found a positive association with snow depth at CT sites without clearcuts nearby. Furthermore, the intensity of use increased with temperature and the presence of boulders near a CT. While old forest is important for pine martens, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to be detrimental to the species’ occurrence at the landscape level. Also, habitat features and structures facilitating subterranean and subnivean access may mitigate the lack of old forests attributes. Snow depth and temperature may also influence how much pine martens rely on old forests.

• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Killing wolves - why, or why not?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Overvåkning av gaupe med viltkamera.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Rewilding with large carnivores?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Potential for tourism based on large carnivores in Norway.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). What is happening with Norwegian nature.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts and Coexistence .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). 30 years of lynx research in Norway: relevance for reintroduction in Scotland.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Large predator management in Norway.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Management of problem predators in terrestrial ecosystems.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Restoring large mammals to the European landscape: Rewilding or building novel ecosystems? .
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sesana, Ilaria (2022). L’impatto delle barriere europee anti-migranti sulla biodiversità. [Avis]. Altreconomia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Managing wildlife in multi-use landscapes: Human-Wildlife Conflicts & One Health .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Sustainability and wildlife management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Balancing development and conservation on Norwegian islands.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Czermak, Natalia (2022). Forskare i öppet brev: Polsk mur mot Belarus kan leda till naturkatastrof. [Internett]. SVT Nyheter.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internett]. nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Syverhuset, Anne Olga (2022). Få modeller for viltforvaltning egner seg i dagens verden. [Internett]. Hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Overskuddsfenomenet. [Avis]. Dagens Næringsliv.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). Store ideer. Trange nåløyer. [Fagblad]. Forskerforum.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Skjelten, Peder (2022). Kan bambi-effekten redde truga artar? [Avis]. Nationen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Rønning, Asle Olav (2022). De søkte om forskningens toppmodell, men må nå vende tilbake til hverdagen. [Fagblad]. Forskforum.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Enger, Morten (2022). Pulsen steg noen hakk da jeg så den. [Avis]. Adresseasen Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus & HENRIKSEN, CHRISTER ANDRÉ (2022). Se hva som dukket opp i Kåfjord. [Avis]. Framtid i Nord.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Tales that were not included in the Jungle Book! World Development Perspectives. ISSN 2468-0532. 26. doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2022.100420.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Halvorsen, Ola Jordheim (2022). Sjakalen: norges nye rovdyr. [Avis]. Dagens Næringsliv.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Folkeopplysningen - Ulv. [TV]. Folkeopplysningen NRK TV.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 4. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 3. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 2. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jacobsen, Rolf (2022). Leve med ulven 1. [Radio]. NRK Innlandet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Wolff, Reinhard (2022). Wölfe gegen Regiering 2:0. [Avis]. TAZ.de.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mitts-Smith, Debra (2022). What big teeth you have: wolf attacks on humans. [Fagblad]. International Wolf.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Livestock farming and large carnivores in Europe: discussing a way forward.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). Fenced In: How the Global Rise of Border Walls Is Stifling Wildlife. [Internett]. Yale Environment 360.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Pearce, Fred (2022). How national border walls are splitting ecosystems apart. [Internett]. BBC.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Weston, Phoebe (2022). The return of the wolf: how much do they help rebuild ecosystems? [Internett]. The Guardian.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Ulven i verden - om å leve med store rovdyr.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Blanchard, Ingrid & Han, Isabelle (2022). Mausund: an island at a turning point regarding its tourism strategy. [Internett]. Once upon an island - Green Tourism Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with Europe's large carnivores. [Internett]. Rewildology Podcast www.rewildilogy.com.
• Oliveira, Teresa; Carricondo-Sanchez, David; Mattisson, Jenny; Voigt, Kristina; Corradini, Andrea & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Predicting kill sites from an apex predator(Lynx lynx) in different multi-prey systems.
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene; Kindberg, Jonas; Hofmeester, Tim R. & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Lynx monitoring with camera traps in Norway.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2022). Timing and synchrony of birth in Eurasian lynx across Europe.
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change is determined by elevation, latitude and local climate.
• Stokes, Allan; Hofmeester, Tim R.; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Odden, John; Odden, Morten & Linnell, John Durrus [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). The timing of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) coat colour change in Norway is determined by elevation and latitude.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Påvirker forskningsresultat rovviltforvaltningen? .
• Pooley, Simon; Linnell, John Durrus; Münster, Ursula Margarete; Van Dooren, Thom & Zimmermann, Alexandra (2022). Editorial: Understanding Coexistence With Wildlife. Frontiers in Conservation Science. 3. doi: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.830971. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Coexisting with large carnivores. [Internett]. Tommy's Outdoors Podcast.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Main, Douglas (2022). Poland's border wall to cut through Europe's last old growth forest. [Internett]. National Geographic.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Moe, Erling (2021). Ulven er omstridt i hele Europa, men aller mest i Norge. [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Rosen, Tatjana; Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Protecting the cats of the cold winter deserts in Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The Norwegian large carnivore damage compensation scheme: a critical analysis.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Rovdyr i Europa.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hatlevik, Svein Egil (2021). Rovdyrforsker John Linnell vil ikke mene noe om hvor mange ulver det bør være i Norge. [Internett]. www.rovdyr.org.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Norway in context: how the rest of Europe manages large carnivore populations.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). EU legislation and transboundary conservation of large carnivores in Europe.
• von Arx, Manuela; Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Lanz, Tabea; Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine & Boitani, Luigi [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Conservation status of the Eurasian lynx in West and Central Europe. Cat News. ISSN 1027-2992. s. 05–08.
• Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Distribution of large carnivores in Europe 2012 - 2016: Distribution maps for Brown bear, Eurasian lynx, Grey wolf, and Wolverine. Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.pc866t1p3.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Surprising successes and failures in wildlife conservation: can we develop a theory of coexistence?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Knowledge needs for large carnivore conservation in Europe: how to train a new generation of conservationists.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Large carnivore conservation in Europe: understanding conflicts.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Setting realistic goals for restoration in human-dominated landscapes.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Illegal killing of wolves: opening perspectives.
• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller.
• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus; Teien, Kristin Thorsrud & Lorentsen, Svein-Håkon (2021). Revisjon av viltloven: Innspill fra naturforskningen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Krumenacker, Thomas (2021). Der wolf ist kein Dämon. [Avis]. Süddeutsche Zeitung.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jørn, Fremstad (2021). Er ulven farlig for mennesker? [Internett]. www.forskning.no.
• Blakely, Rhys & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). DNA list aims to save swimmers from killer sharks. [Avis]. The Times.
• Nark, Jason & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). The problem with problem sharks. [Internett]. The New York Times.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Monitoring Persian leopards in Turkmenistan: next steps.
• Dykes, Jacob & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Bringing back the beast: rewilding projects are expanding European carnivore ranges. [Fagblad]. Geographical Magazine.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). What type and quality of data are needed for LC monitoring: design and implementation of survey and monitoring schemes .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coordinating diversity in large carnivore management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). SCANDLYNX og SCANDCAM.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2020). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of Central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Human wildlife conflicts and coexistence: cases from India and Brazil.
• Kopperud, Audun Fegran & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Ingen ny ulvejakt: – Den kan være hvor som helst. [Avis]. Lindesnes.
• Stensrud, Kenneth & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Den tråkker stadig vekk innom hyttetomter når folk ikke er der. [Avis]. Moss Dagblad.
• Eilevstjønn, Line Omland & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Mann (72) angripen av ulv i Canada. [Internett]. www.nationen.no.
• Hatlevik, Svein Egil & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Forsker ikke spesielt overrasket over manglende økosystemeffekter fra gaupedrepte rådyr. [Internett]. www.rovdyr.org.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Skogen, Ketil; Mattisson, Jenny; Krange, Olve & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2020). Små forvaltningsregioner for rovdyr er en dårlig idé. Aftenposten Viten. ISSN 2464-3033. s. 32–32.
• Ryland, Ørjan & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Unik naturopplevelse - fikk skikkelig puls. [Internett]. Dagbladet.no.
• Cretois, Benjamin & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Coexisting with large mammals in the human-dominated landscape of Europe’s Anthropocene.
• Grainger, Matthew; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2019). Is cryptic poaching a threat to Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) populations? .
• Law, Elizabeth; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Van Moorter, Bram & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). How useful is monitoring for achieving sustainable wildlife management under harvest in uncertain environments? .
• Fremstad, Jørn & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Rådyr gikk tvers over Skandinavia. [Internett]. www.hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Rustamov, Eldar & Karryeva, Shirin [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Reintroduction, persistence and local extinction of central Asian kulan in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Walton, Zea Ann; Linnell, John Durrus; Stien, Audun & Odden, John (2019). The cost of migratory prey:seasonal changes in semi-domestic reindeer distribution influences breeding success of Eurasion lynx in northern norway.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2019). Predation or scavenging? Reindeer body condition influences decision making in the wolverine.
• Hayward, Matt W.; Jachowski, David S.; Bugir, Cassandra K.; Clulow, John; Krishnamurthy, Ramesh & Griffin, Andrea S. [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The search for novelty continues for rewilding. Biological Conservation. ISSN 0006-3207. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.041.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Visions for wildlife conservation in Europe. Opening talk and panel moderation.
• Nijhuis, Michelle; Linnell, John Durrus; Skogen, Ketil & Odden, John (2019). The most political animal. [Internett]. The Atlantic.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Foreslår selektivt fiske på problemhaier. [Internett]. www.nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Does science inform wolf policy in Europe?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). What have we learnt about conflicts – and what does it tell us about coexistence?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Multiple dimensions of sustainable wildlife management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Science, politics, ‘emotions’:The case of wolf management in Europe.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Wolves in 21st century Europe: what do they tell us about the future of wildlife conservation?
• Clua, Eric E.G. & Linnell, John Durrus (2019). Problem individuals among sharks: A response to Neff. Conservation Letters. ISSN 1755-263X. 12(2). doi: 10.1111/conl.12641.
• Ethreya, Vidya; Pimpale, Sahil; Borkar, Atul Sinai; Surve, Nikit; Chakra-Varty, Siddant & Ghosalkar, Mrunal [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Monsters or Gods? Narratives of large cat worship in western India. Cat News. ISSN 1027-2992. s. 23–26. Vis sammendrag

  In this article we describe the belief in the presence of a large cat diety; Waghoba, which appears to be geographically widespread in western India and is still revered today. It is a very old cultural institution which according to many interviewees was at least many centuries old. The people had a deep belief that the large cat; a leopard Panthera pardus or a tiger Panthera tigris or both, protected them. This ancient cultural connection between people and large cats is little studied or understood. Believers also have an understanding of the ecology of the animal as well as their own myths surrounding the animals. We address the rarely acknowledged, but probably deeply relevant, cultural context where groups of people have a radically different relationship with large cats which is largely ignored by conservationists. These relationships could provide the basis for co-adaptations that allow for coexistence in shared landscapes, therefore, it is very important that we document and study these institutions before they die out.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Abdurasulov, Abdujalil (2018). Bringing 'Asia's zebras' back to the steppe. [Internett]. BBC.com.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hillsdon, Mark (2018). The mighty wolverine. [Tidsskrift]. BBC Wildlife Magazine.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Mennesket påvirker dyrenes vandringer. [Internett]. www.nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Torgersen, Eivind (2018). Ville dyr beveger seg mindre i nærheten av mennesker. [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2018). Når forskere ignorerer forskning. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Frøjd, Kasper (2018). Utrolig bilde viser ulv som jager Farmen-Halvors kuer. [Internett]. TV2.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lien, Marthe S. (2018). Et uhell og en tragedie. [Avis]. VG.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Mennesket påvirker dyrenes vandringer. [Internett]. hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Chavance, Yann (2018). Mieux identifier les requins mangeurs d’hommes. [Avis]. Le Monde.
• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Linnell, John Durrus & Kindberg, Jonas (2018). SCANDCAM - Optimizing lynx monitoring using camera traps .
• Mysterud, Atle; Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2018). Pattedyrene beveger seg mye mindre nær folk. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Kleven, Oddmund; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Vang, Silje; Mattisson, Jenny & Flagstad, Øystein (2018). Den sørnorske jervebestanden – historikk, genetikk og bestandsutvikling .
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2018). Wildlife surveys in Turkmenistan 2014-2018.
• Huber, Djuro; Linnell, John Durrus & Boitani, Luigi (2018). The role of continental scale institutions in European bear recovery.
• Toplicanec, Ira; Stokke, Sigbjørn; Stipic, Mateja; Reljic, Slaven; Sindicic, Magda & Huber, Djuro [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Comparison of Brown bear hunting practices in Sweden and Croatia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Living with bears? What is coexistence and how do we get there?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). When is it acceptable to kill a protected large carnivore?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Coexistence between wildlife and humans: contrasting insights from wildlife management and conservation biology.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Conserving large carnivores in Europe's human-dominated landscapes: the need for multiple disciplinary perspectives.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Contrasting realities. Experience with environmental governance with and without democracy.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Updates on large carnivore status in Europe.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2018). International Scientific Experience in Conservation of Biodiversity in Turkmenistan.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaczensky, Petra; Bowler, Diana Elizabeth & Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland (2018). Success and failure at conserving focal species in two Asian protected areas.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe.
• Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Linnell, John Durrus & Bowler, Diana Elizabeth (2018). Directions in Conservation Biology Revisited.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). 25 years of lynx research in Scandinavia: what have we learnt and what does it mean for the UK?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Koch, Julia (2018). Gefährliche Märchen. [Avis]. Der Spiegel.
• Dujardin, Amber & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). De wolf is bezig aan een opmars in Europa, maar als hij Zwitserland aandoet heeft hij pech. [Internett]. Trouw.nl.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). How to bring ecology into policy in the Anthropocene? Theimportance of framing and different conservation paradigms.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). In the cross-fire: commercial interests and biodiversity research.
• Yurkevich, Vanessa & Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Not just Trump's idea: a short history on famous walls and the environment. [Internett]. CNN.com.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Experience with Q-methodology.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2018). Teeth, claws, laws, germs, hearts and minds: what is shaping the future for large mammals and their ecosystems?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Liten frykt for ulv i Follo. [Internett]. Nordstrands Blad Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Liten frykt for ulv i Follo. [Internett]. Østlandets Blad Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internett]. Nettavisen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internett]. Nationen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere i strupen på Stortingets ulvemål. [Internett]. Gudbrandsdølen Dagningen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskarar i strupen på ulvemålet til Stortinget. [Internett]. Avisa Møre.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskarar i strupen på ulvemålet til Stortinget. [Internett]. Hordaland.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Bruland, Roger Sevrin (2017). Søv under open himmel for å verje sauen mot ulv. [Internett]. NRK.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ulv observert flere steder i Spydeberg. Ekspert: - En myte at ulv foretrekker villmarken. [Internett]. Indre Akershus Blad Pluss.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Can we have one research ethic for wild and domestic animals?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Can we have one research ethic for wild and domestic animals?
• Lenin, Janaki; Linnell, John Durrus & Kaczensky, Petra (2017). How a Wild Ass Hunted out by History Is Being Brought Back to Kazakhstan. [Internett]. The Wire.
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrøya. [Avis]. Stavanger Aftenblad.
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyr øyen. [Avis]. Bergens Tidende.
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrjakt i havgapet. [Avis]. Aftenposten.
• Krogh-Hanssen, Hans Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rådyrøya. [Avis]. Adresseavisen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Wildlife conservation in the Anthropocene: successes and failures.
• Paust, Thomas & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rettsmedisiner: - Kvinnelig turist i Hellas kan ha blitt drept av ulv. [Internett]. Nettavisen.
• Ogden, Lesley Evans & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Border walls and biodiversity: new bariers, new horizons. [Fagblad]. BioScience.
• Sandberg, Tor & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Åtte drept av hunder i Norge. [Avis]. Dagsavisen.
• Christensen, Tor Bjarne & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ulven - en brikke i norsk natur? [Internett]. Natur & Miljø.
• Todal, Per Anders & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Gråbeinens mange andlet. [Tidsskrift]. Dag og Tid.
• Ringheim, Gunnar & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Trodde du det var mye ulv i Norge? [Avis]. Dagbladet.
• Trana, Ole Kristian & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Frykter ikke ulven. [Avis]. Østlandets Blad.
• Barstad, Stine & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forskere mener Stortingets ulvemål er lovstridig og "åpenbart absurd". [Internett]. Aftenposten.
• Christensen, Anders & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Forsker ber folk skremme vekk ulv. [Avis]. Nationen.
• Authen, Ina & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Så ulv flere steder - Ekspert på rovdyr - En myte at ulv foretrekker villmarken. [Avis]. Smaalenenes Avis.
• Tarjem, Guro & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Artar på veg: gullsjakal i norsk natur? [Radio]. EKKO P2.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Rewilding the European Anthropocene: how far can we push it?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Border security fencing and wildlife: consequences for transboundary management.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple dimensions of human carnivore conflicts.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Coexistence between wildlife and humans: contrasting insights from wildlife management and conservation biology.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Recoveries and declines in Eurasian large mammals: unexpected failures and surprising successes.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Redpath, Steve (2017). Values, conservation, science and conflict.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple dimensions of human-carnivoreconflicts.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Lenin, Janaki (2017). How Geography Created Three Subspecies of Snow Leopard. [Internett]. thewire.in.
• Jahren, Torfinn; Odden, Morten; Linnell, John Durrus & Panzacchi, Manuela (2017). The impact of human land use and landscape productivity on the abundance and dynamics of red fox in southeastern Norway.
• Bolevich, Maria & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Cub photo raises hope for Europe’s rarest and largest wild cat. [Internett]. www.mewscientist.com.
• Sætran, Frode & Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Ekspert: Denne ulven er det viktig å følge med på. [Internett]. Aftenposten.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Multiple Dimensions of sustainability - using hunting as an example.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Coexisting with wildlife in the Anthropocene: balancing multiple trade-offs in crowded landscapes.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Large carnivore management in Norway. Lessons relevant for Latvia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Human-wildlife coexistence in the Anthropocene: what is it and how do we achieve it?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2017). Wildlife Conservation and border Security fencing.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Ertesvåg, Frank (2017). Regjeringen: Starter radiomerking av potensiell skade-ulv. [Internett]. www.vg.no.
• Mattisson, Jenny; Rauset, Geir Rune; Odden, John; Andrén, Henrik; Linnell, John Durrus & Persson, Jens (2017). Predation or scavenging? Prey body condition influences decision-making in a facultative predator, the wolverine. Photo gallery. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. ISSN 2327-6096. 98(1), s. 40–46. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  What determines whether a predator scavenges or kills its own prey? Using data on wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) in Scandinavia, we studied variation in diet and feeding strategies along a gradient of environmental productivity, seasonality, density, and body mass of their main prey, semidomestic reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ). Our results suggest that wolverine feeding strategies are flexible and influenced by seasonally dependent responses to prey body condition in combination with carrion supply. Predation was more pronounced in summer, when vulnerable reindeer calves are abundant, and individual kill rates were negatively related to local reindeer body mass. In winter, the probability of scavenging increased with decreasing reindeer body mass, likely as a response to increased carrion supply.

• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Toppforsk-millioner til NINA. [Internett]. www.nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Mye kunnskap om store rovdyr. [Tidsskrift]. Jeger.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Dyr fanges i grensegjerder. [Internett]. www.nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Skaper trøbbel for dyra. [Avis]. Rix.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Gjerdene dreper dyra. [Tidsskrift]. Jeger.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hella, Asle (2016). Ulvens skjebneår. [Internett]. NRK.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Exploring ways to "coexist with wildlife". [Internett]. ScienceDaily.
• Root, Tik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Border walls are bad for wildlife. [Internett]. Independent.
• Lysvold, Susanne & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Skulle overvåke gaupa - ble overrasket da de så videon. [Internett]. NRK Nordland.
• Larsen, Heidi Elisabeth & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Grensegjerder skaper problemer: - Det er ikke bare mennesker som hindres av grense-gjerdene. Dyra lider også. [Internett]. Dagbladet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Borling, Jonatan (2016). Gränsstängsel nya hot mot de stora rovdjuren. [Fagblad]. Våra rovdjur.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Refugee fences fragment wildlife. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 529(7585). doi: 10.1038/529156a.
• Linnell, John Durrus & O'Donnell, Jim (2016). Aimed at Refugees, Fences Are Threatening European Wildlife. [Internett]. Yale Environment 360.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Eld's deer status and Conservation: global status and actions for Myanmar.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). How many Eld's deer live in Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human impacts on Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary, its Wildlife and habitats. Death by a thousand cuts?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Results from camera trapping in Shwessethaw Wildlife Sanctuary 2014 - 2016.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Shwessetthaw Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Stuides 2014-2016.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Coexistence With Wildlife. What does it look like and how do we achieve it?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2016). Evaluering av regional rovviltforvaltning.
• Tristan, Ahtone & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Can there be a good reason to kill two-thirds of your wolves? Norway thinks so. [Internett]. Fusion.net.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Nicholls, Henry (2016). Wolves at the door (and bears, and lynx). [Fagblad]. New Scientist.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Genetisk viktige ulver og forskning. Østlendingen. s. 6–7.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Ulveinnvandring fra øst – hva sier forskningen? Bondebladet. ISSN 0332-8414.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Naturlig innvandring av ulv. Nationen. ISSN 0805-3782.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Krange, Olve (2016). Debatten rundt rovdyrene i Norge består i økende grad av løgner og propaganda. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Krange, Olve (2016). Naturforskere - rovdyrenes spredningsevne gir opphav til myter. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus & Flagstad, Øystein (2016). Rovdyrenes spredningsevne gir opphave til myter. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Europas murar hotar vilda djur. [Avis]. Aftonbladet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Ruiz, Irene Banos (2016). Buildout of immigration fences in Europe endangers wildlife. [Internett]. Deutsche Welle .
• Linnell, John Durrus & Criado, Miguel Angel (2016). Vallas contra inmigrantes que atrapan a los animales. [Avis]. El Pais.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Soniak, Matt (2016). Trump’s Wall? Also Terrible for Animals, Conservation, and Scientific Collaboration. [Internett]. Slate.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Phillips, Ari (2016). The rapid spread of border fences is making it harder for animals to survive. [Internett]. Fusion.net.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Stokmo, Jan Arne (2016). Dyr hekter seg fast i grensegjerder. [Internett]. Forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Increasing border security fences are a lethal problem for wildlife. ScienceNordic.com.
• Nicolson, Adam & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The wolf at the door. [Avis]. 1843 Magazine.
• Christensen, Arnfinn & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Ikke så enkelt å gjenskape vill natur. [Internett]. Forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Opheim, Aagot (2016). Får toppforskningspenger til å studere store, ville dyr. [Avis]. Adresseavisen.
• Root, Tik & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Border walls are bad for wildlife. [Avis]. The Washington Post.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Drivers of change relevant for biodiversity in Norway.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The hunt for two elusive goals - coexistence and excellence.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). The changing face of large carnivore conservation in Europe.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Multiple dimensions of human - large carnivore conflicts.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny & Vang, Silje (2016). Den sørnorske jervebestanden – historikk, genetikk og bestandsutvikling.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny & Støen, Ole-Gunnar (2016). Nasjonalparker vil ikke redde rovdyrene i Norge. www.forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Carnivore research can shape wildlife management policies. Adjacent Government. ISSN 2055-7612.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Surprising successes and disappointing failures: exploring the basis for human wildlife coexistence in Eurasia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Engaging stakeholders in monitoring of large carnivores: Nordic lessons for central Europe?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Ulvebestandene øker i et Europa uten villmark.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Surprising successes and disappointing failures: exploring the basis for human wildlife coexistence in Eurasia.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Conservation strategies to promote human - wildlife coexistence.
• Carter, Neil H. & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Mainstreaming coexistence with wildlife: reply to Gallagher. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 31(11), s. 818–819. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.08.007.
• Flagstad, Øystein; Gervasi, Vincenzo; Brøseth, Henrik; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Utfordringer i forvaltning av grenseoverskridende bestand av jerv.
• Athreya, Vidya; Linnell, John Durrus; Ghosal, Sunetro & Odden, Morten (2016). Large Carnivores in Human-Dominated Landscapes of India. I Aguirre, Alonso A. & Sukumar, Raman (Red.), Tropical Conservation: Perspectives on Local and Global Priorities. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780199766987. s. 132–135.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Gundersen, Vegard (2016). Viltforvaltning. I Forskningsråd, Norges (Red.), Synteserapport Norsk miljøforskning mot 2015. Norges forskningsråd. s. 75–78. doi: 978-82-12-03464-8.
• Mills, James A.; Teplitsky, Céline; Arroyo, Beatriz; Charmantier, Anne; Becker, Peter H. & Birkhead, Tim R. [Vis alle 62 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Solutions for Archiving Data in Long-Term Studies: A Reply to Whitlock et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. ISSN 0169-5347. 31(2), s. 85–87. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.004.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human - wildlife coexistence: A new TOPPFORSK project.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Human - wildlife coexistence: A new TOPPFORSK project.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2016). Et nytt liv for utmarksforskning: fra lokal relevans til en global modell for bærekraft?
• Linnell, John Durrus & Fair, James (2015). Reintroducing lynx to the UK: how do we do it? [Internett]. DiscoverWildlife.com.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Norge har god kunnskap om store rovdyr. [Internett]. www.nina.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Thonhaugen, Markus (2015). Slik kunne verden sett ut om mennesket ikke hadde eksistert . [Internett]. NRK Nordland.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Harstad, Lisbet (2015). Mener det er naturlig at ulven kommer nærmere . [Avis]. Nationen.
• Rognes, Are; Odden, John; Loe, Leif Egil; Bischof, Richard & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Aktivitetsmønstre hos rådyr, gaupe, rev og mennesker studert med viltkamera . Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Christensen, Arnfinn (2015). Ulver sjefer mindre . [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Lappeteppe som ikke henger sammen . [Avis]. Adresseavisen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Tønset, Geir (2015). Her har jerven nettopp slaktet et reinsdyr . [Internett]. Adresseavisen Plus.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Hansen, Frid Kvalpskarmo (2015). Jungelboka, revidert. [Internett]. Harvest.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Oppland, Egil (2015). Ulv lever nær mennesker. [Avis]. Adressavisa.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Christensen, Arnfinn (2015). Ulve er mindre aggressive end hunde. [Internett]. Videnskab.dk.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Haugsbø, Frank & Skarvøy, Lars Joakim (2015). Se de unike bildene fra Østmarka: Mattis (4) kom tre minutter etter ulven. [Internett]. VG.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Eide, Stian (2015). Ulven tok halvparten av sauene som er funnet. [Avis]. Bondebladet.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Can we end the never-ending story? Large carnivore conflicts and solutions in a European perspective.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Rewilding large carnivores: are we recreating "wilderness" or adding a layer of complexity to "novel ecosystems"?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Can biology alone guide conservation?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Building bridges over troubled waters: reflections on the science policy interface for wildlife conservation.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Vang, Silje (2015). Evaluering av rovviltnemndene: naturvitenskapelig evaluering.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Recoveries and declines in Eurasian large mammals: surprising successes and unexpected failures.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Cultural ecosystem services - some NINA experience .
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Skaitot spokus meza. MMD. ISSN 1407-0537. 2015(2), s. 20–23.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Øtetje skrivnostnih »gozdnih duhov«. Lovec. 98(4), s. 194–196.
• Trajce, Aleksander & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Living among people: the role of social sciences in the preservation of Balkan lynx.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Large carnivores in the EU: experience, science, and policy.
• Lone, Karen; Loe, Leif Egil; Gobakken, Terje; Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Remmen, Jørgen [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Fatale møte med gaupe og jeger: ein studie av risikolandskapet til rådyr. Hjorteviltet. ISSN 1502-3729. 25, s. 40–42.
• Swenson, Jon & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Bestandene av store rovdyr er økende i Europa. Rovdyrviten. ISSN 1894-1664. 3, s. 42–42.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Mattisson, Jenny; Gervasi, Vincenzo & Odden, John (2015). Eurasian lynx depredation on sheep in Norway: summarizing 20 years of research. Carnivore damage prevention news. ISSN 2813-3366. 11(Winter), s. 28–34.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2015). Are wolverines doomed to live in eternal conflict? Carnivore damage prevention news. ISSN 2813-3366. 11(Winter), s. 6–10.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Dialogue to reduce conflicts. Carnivore damage prevention news. ISSN 2813-3366. 11(Winter), s. 3–5.
• López-Bao, José Vicente; Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Boitani, Luigi & Chapron, Guillaume (2015). Carnivore coexistence: Wilderness not required. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 348(6237), s. 871–872.
• Lescureux, Nicolas; Sedefchev, Sider; Smietana, W. & Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Guarding dogs in Europe: paying attention to the context is important when managing complex human-wolf-dog relationships. Carnivore damage prevention news. ISSN 2813-3366. s. 31–35.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Avner, Terje (2014). Rovdyrene på fremmarsj i Europa . [Internett]. Aftenposten.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Rovdyrene har vendt tilbake til Europa . [Avis]. Nationen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Rovdyrene har etablert seg i tett befolkede områder . [Avis]. Ås Avis.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Jakobsen, Siw Ellen (2014). Mennesker og leoparder kan leve tett sammen . [Internett]. forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Myrbakken, Malin (2014). Gaupa har ikke alltid skylda for sauetap. [Avis]. Nye Troms.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mjaaland, Ola (2014). Se ulven og bjørnen slåss om mat . [Internett]. VG Nett.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Mjaaland, Ola (2014). ØYE FOR ØYE ... Naturfotograf fanget skogens aller farligste i heftig ...nærkamp om matfatet. [Avis]. VG.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Thorkildsen, Joakim (2014). Ulvevideoen fra OL var ren bløff . [Internett]. Dagbladet.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sandberg, Fredrik Økstad (2014). OL-utøver trodde hun filmet ulv på gangen . [Internett]. Dagbladet.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Unik video fanget med hundekamera: Derfor angriper ulven . [Internett]. VG Nett.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Slåtten blir often slutten for rådyrkalvene. [Internett]. hjortevilt.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Eide, Stian (2014). Dokument: Rovdyrene tilbake i Europa. [Avis]. Nationen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2014). NINA meiner det er utbetalt altfor mykje i gaupeerstatning. [Internett]. Nationen.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2014). Bønder får erstatning for drept sau uten bevis. [Internett]. VG.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Sandberg, Vegard (2014). 12.000 ulver i Europa. [Internett]. Østlendingen.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Haug, Isabell (2014). Store rovdyr er på vei tilbake. [Internett]. Framtid Nord.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Laugen, Stig Tore (2014). Erstatning uten bevis. [Internett]. Dagens Næringsliv.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). To boldly go where no continent has gone before. www.forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Rovdyrene har vendt tilbake til Europa. [Internett]. VG.no.
• Stokmo, Jan Arne & Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Rovdyrene er tilbake i Europa. [Internett]. www.forskning.no.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). The big 5 in Europe. [TV]. EEN - Belgium.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). The symbolic wolf: competing visions of the European landscape. Newsletter of the Wolves and Humans Foundation. 31, s. 4–6.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Living with "success" in large carnivore conservation: recognizing the  challenges faced by landowners. Wildlife Estates Newsletter.
• Skogen, Ketil; Odden, John; Støen, Ole Gunnar; Wabakken, Petter; Linnell, John Durrus & Zimmermann, Barbara [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Rovdyrsonene fungere ikke. Østlendingen.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Motivations for conducting wildlife research.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Rewilding Europe: how far can we push it?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Sustainable development in the western Balkans: balancing needs of people and the environment.
• Linnell, John Durrus & Odden, John (2014). A big cat in a small body. Do lynx have what it takes to survive the Anthropocene?
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Technology and the 3Rs in Wildlife Research: the state of the art.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Conservation requires more than just biology.
• Lescureux, Nicolas & Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Conservation, introgression, purity and pollution. Anthropological and ecological aspects of wolf-dog hybridization.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Tailoring the ecosystem services approach to landscape level management (TESL).
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). At the interface between science and policy for large carnivores.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Utrede konsekvensene for å ta ut Forollhogna som yngleområde for jerv og etablere yngleområde for bjørn utenfor Nord-Trøndelag.
• Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Conserving the most endangered subspecies of Eurasian lynx in the Balkans. IUCN European Newsletter. 2014(January).
• Linnell, John Durrus & Immerzeel, Bart (2023). The potential for large carnivore-based wildlife tourism in Norway: a critical review. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4960-7. Vis sammendrag

  wildlife, large carnivore, bear, wolf, lynx, wolverine, tourism, conflict

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2023). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2022 . Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-5101-3. Vis sammendrag

  Gaupe, Lynx lynx, overvåking, kamerafeller, viltkamera. Møre- og Romsdal, Trøndelag

• Boitani, Luigi; Kaczensky, Petra; Álvares, Francisco; Andren, Henrik; Balys, Vaidas & Blanco, Juan Carlos [Vis alle 42 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Assessment of the conservation status of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. Standing Commitee of the Bern Convention.
• Kavčič, Irena; Álvares, Francisco; Boitani, Luigi; Borgna, Irene; Iliopoulos, Yorgos & Krofel, Miha [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism: guidelines for responsible practices [Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe IUCN/SSC Specialist Group] Specialist Group. University of Ljubljana. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In many early European cultures, humans shared an overall positive view of the wolf (Boitani, 1995; Boitani and Ciucci, 2009). But this changed with the anthropocentric view of nature brought about by Christianity as well as with the process of domestication and the advent of extensive animal husbandry (Boitani, 1995). Wolves were then strongly persecuted, leading to their extirpation in almost all their former range across the continent. In the last few decades, however, wolves have returned to many parts of Europe from which they had been absent for centuries. Their recovery impacts a range of human activities and interests and is accompanied by a variety of social conflicts and diverging points of view on how wolves should be managed (Boitani and Linnell, 2015; Linnell and Cretois, 2018). Conflicts and the negative economic impacts of wolf damage to livestock are the most pressing problems for wolf management today. Public debate and academic research on wolf–human relations tend to focus on these issues (Rode et al., 2021). The ecological roles of wolves in ecosystem structure and functioning are increasingly recognized (Hebbelwhite et al., 2005; Kuijper et al., 2013). However, although predator-prey interactions are highly contextdependent, most studies on this topic have been undertaken in large, natural landscapes. In most of Europe, human actions attenuate the ecological effects of large carnivores (Kuijper et al., 2016). Nevertheless, new values and the potential social benefits of human–wolf coexistence are underappreciated. Wolves are an important generator of culture, ethnography and tradition (Álvares et al., 2011) and their presence brings educational and research benefits, income from regional and product marketing, as well as socio-economic benefits from wildlife tourism (Rode et al., 2021). Different forms of tourism associated with wolves, such as wolf watching, photographing, or observing signs of their presence have already been practiced for a couple of decades in North America (Wilson and Heberlein, 1996) and to a lesser extent in Europe (Koščová and Koščová, 2016; Bavo and Villar Lama, 2020; Notaro and Grilli, 2021). Although tourism can increase the value of the species locally, such activities can also have negative impacts on wolves and their habitat, especially with the growing demand for wildlife tourism (Curtin and Kragh, 2014). The following guidelines were prepared by members of the LIFE WOLFALPS EU project group and the Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe expert group of the IUCN/SSC to set specific recommendations for responsible non-consumptive use of wolves in tourism which has as little impact on wolves as possible. The aim of these guidelines is to promote tourism activities that go beyond direct sightings of wildlife by focusing on wolf presence and wolf-related cultural heritage, creating economic opportunities for local communities in areas with wolves and consequently leading to increased tolerance towards this species.

• Odden, John; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Tvete, Karl Ove; Røragen, Sondre; Bahlk, Sunniva Helene & Linnell, John Durrus (2022). Intensiv overvåking av gaupe med kamerafeller på Nordmøre 2021. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4928-7. Vis sammendrag

  NINA fikk i 2021 i oppdrag fra Statsforvalterne og Rovviltnemnda i rovviltregion 6 å teste ut en intensiv overvåking av gaupe med hjelp av kamerafeller i kommunene Surnadal, Heim, Tingvoll og Sunndal. Målsettingen var å identifisere antall familiegrupper og totalt antall gauper i området basert på bilder fra kamerafeller gjennom et utstrakt samarbeid med lokale hjelpere og svært intensiv datainnsamling. Prosjektet ble gjennomført i et område på 1 500 km2 i perioden juli 2021 til desember 2021. Studieområdet ble delt inn i et rutenett på 5x5 km med en observasjonspost med to viltkamera innenfor hver rute. Til sammen ble det satt opp 120 kamerafeller på 60 lokaliteter ved hjelp av lokale krefter. Gjenkjenning av individer på bilder fra kamerafeller er en metode som er lite benyttet i Skandinavia. Vi fikk derfor hjelp fra to erfarne forskere fra Sveits og Østerrike som har lang erfaring med metoden. Det ble registrert gaupe på kamerafellene 86 ganger på totalt 31 av de 60 lokalitetene. Ti av de 86 observasjonene ble vurdert som ikke identifiserbare. Dette var bilder av gauper i bevegelse og/eller i mørket der flekkmønsteret ikke kom tydelig fram. Fra de 76 observasjonene som ble identifisert, kom identifiseringen fram til at det var 14 voksne gauper og fem unger. Vi beregnet tetthet av voksne gauper til å være 4,7 gauper per 1000 km2. Denne tettheten er noe høyere enn det vi har sett i andre studieområder tidligere i Skandinavia. Vi registrerte tre familiegrupper på kamerafellene. Alle tre familiegruppene ville blitt registrert av det ordinære overvåkingssystemet. Gruppering av antall familiegrupper ved hjelp av flekkmønster ga det samme resultat som en gruppering ved hjelp av avstandskriteriene. Dette studiet, og flere tidligere studier, viser at dagens overvåking av familiegrupper ser ut til å fungere godt. Avstandskriteriene som benyttes av Rovdata til å beregne antall familiegrupper av gaupe er basert på hvor langt radiomerkede hunngauper forlytter seg. Det finnes ikke data på forflytning hos hunngauper i fra kystområdene på Nordmøre og Trøndelag. Det kan derfor være av interesse å få merket hunngauper med GPS-sender også i dette området i framtiden. Identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster er tid- og ressurskrevende, dette gjør metoden lite egnet over store arealer i Skandinavia. Det kan være nyttig å utføre intensive studier med identifisering i områder der det er stor konflikt rundt antall familiegrupper av gaupe. Vi har ikke funnet studier som har validert identifisering av gauper basert på flekkmønster. Vi anbefaler derfor at metoden valideres, og at data og resultater fra studier som baserer seg på individgjenkjenning av flekkmønster tolkes med omhu før feilmarginer ved metoden undersøkes.

• Cretois, Benjamin; Rød, Jan Ketil; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland & Linnell, John Durrus (2021). Transforming the use of citizen science data for biodiversity conservation at different scales. NTNU. ISSN 978-82-326-5528-1.
• Olsen, Siri Lie; Bartlett, Jesamine; Davey, Marie Louise; Fossøy, Frode; Linnell, John Durrus & Nordén, Jenni [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold med ny teknologi: miljø-DNA og kamerafeller. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4741-2. Vis sammendrag

  Norge har forpliktet seg til å stanse tap av biologisk mangfold. Å ivareta det biologiske mangfoldet krever imidlertid kunnskap om hvor artene befinner seg. For mange arter har vi god kunnskap om utbredelse og bestandsstørrelse, mens for andre arter er dette dårlig kjent. Det gjelder blant annet arter som lever skjult i jord og død ved, og mobile arter med lav tetthet. De siste tiårene har ny teknologi som bruk av miljø-DNA og kamerafeller, åpnet for påvisning av «skjult» biologisk mangfold, samt kostnadseffektiv kartlegging av andre artsgrupper. For å kunne utnytte ny teknologi i kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold, er det imidlertid nødvendig å identifisere de beste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Vi har derfor testet ut ulike metoder for bruk av ny teknologi i kartlegging av terrestrisk biologisk mangfold i Norge. Dette omfatter registrering av artsmangfold i jord og død ved hjelp av miljø-DNA og artsmangfold og fenologi hos pattedyr ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Våre resultater viser at analyser av miljø-DNA fra relativt enkle jord- og vedprøver kan være et nyttig verktøy for kartlegging og overvåking av biologisk mangfold. Vi bekrefter egnetheten til genetiske markører for planter, sopp og leddormer i jord, samt sopp i død ved. For disse artsgruppene fant vi at metoden fanger opp viktige forskjeller i artssamfunnet mellom natur- og substrattyper uavhengig av prøvetakings- og ekstraksjonsmetode. Sannsynligheten for deteksjon av arter var også relativt lik for ulike metoder. Vi kan derfor anbefale bruk av de enkleste og mest kostnadseffektive metodene. Resultatene for planter var sammenlignbare med tradisjonell kartlegging i regi av ANO. Foreløpige tester av markører for spretthaler, rundormer, edderkoppdyr, insekter og vertebrater resulterte i relativt få arter. Våre funn viser at dersom formålet er å overvåke artsrikdom eller artssammensetning på generelt nivå, er miljø-DNA en egnet metode. Dersom målet isteden er å registrere alle arter, og særlig rødlistearter, er trolig en kombinasjon av tradisjonell kartlegging og bruk av miljø-DNA det beste. Vårt arbeid med bruk av kamerafeller til kartlegging og overvåking av store og mellomstore pattedyr viser at dette kan benyttes til overvåking av antall og tetthet av dyr, utbredelse av både stedegne og fremmede arter, sammensetning av pattedyrsamfunn, noen sykdommer og fenologi, for eksempel vintersøvn hos grevling, pelsskifte hos hare og gevirsyklus hos rådyr. Bildedata fra kamerafeller har med andre ord en rekke bruksområder, også utover registrering av forekomst. Bruk av miljø-DNA fanget ikke opp pattedyrarter som ble påvist ved hjelp av kamerafeller. Denne rapporten bidrar med kunnskap om hvordan ny teknologi kan inngå i overvåkingen av biologisk mangfold i norsk natur. Videre arbeid med bruk av miljø-DNA bør omfatte valg av riktig sekvensdybde, videre uttesting av genetiske markører og alternative metoder for innsamling av miljø-DNA. Videre arbeid med kamerafeller bør omfatte utvikling av ulike bestandsindekser og uttesting av modifiserte kamerafeller til overvåking av smågnagere. En kombinasjon av en rekke metoder, både nye og tradisjonelle, vil være nødvendig for en helhetlig overvåking av biologisk mangfold av ulike artsgrupper.

• Linnell, John Durrus; Kovtun, Ekaterina & Rouart, Ive (2021). Wolf attacks on humans: an update for 2002–2020. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4721-4.
• Linnell, John Durrus; Odden, John & Kindberg, Jonas (2021). Første bekreftede observasjon av gullsjakal i Norge. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4759-7. Vis sammendrag

  I februar 2021 dukket det opp en serie bilder fra i Lakselv, Finnmark som var tatt i 2019 og 2020. Disse bildene viste det som potensielt var en gullsjakal. Bildene ble sendt ut til seks internasjonale eksperter for å bekrefte den foreløpige identifikasjonen av arten. Alle de internasjonale ekspertene var enige om at bildene viste en gullsjakal. Dette er den første bekreftede observasjonen av arten i Norge. Denne rapporten gir en kort oppsummering av ekspansjonen av sjakal over hele Europa. Nylige observasjoner fra Østersjøregionen og Finland indikerer at individet mest sannsynlig har kommet til Norge som et resultat av den pågående naturlige spredningen av arter. Gullsjakal, Golden jackal, Canis aureus

• Eriksen, Ane; Willebrand, Maria Hörnell; Zimmermann, Barbara; Wikenros, Camilla; Åkesson, Mikael & Backer, Inge Lorange [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Assessment of the Norwegian part of the Scandinavian wolf population, phase 1. Høgskolen i Innlandet. ISSN 2535-5678.
• Kaczensky, Petra; Salemgareyev, Albert R.; Zuther, Steffen; Suttibayev, Mukhit; Adilbekova, Fariza & Linnell, John Durrus (2020). Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2018-2019. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-4539-5.
• Kaczensky, Petra; Rustamov, E.; Karryeva, S.; Iankov, P.; Hudaykuliev, N. & Saparmyadov, J. [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Rapid assessments of wildlife in Turkmenistan 2018. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-3446-7. Vis sammendrag

  Although Turkmenistan supports many wildlife species there is very little up-to-date and acces-sible information on its status. Since 2014 we have been conducting a series of expeditions to protected areas throughout the country. The primary objective has been to clarify the status of Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus), however, we have also had a secondary focus on other large mammals, especially the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus) and its potential prey species, urial (Ovis orientalis), goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), markhor (Capra falconeri), bezoar (Capra aegagrus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In addition, several expeditions have been ac-companied by ornithologists and herpetologists availing of the platform to obtain up-to-date rec-ords of these species. Finally, the expeditions have been used to assist networking and experi-ence exchange between the staff of the different protected areas.

• Linnell, John Durrus & Cretois, Benjamin (2018). Research for AGRI Committee - The revival of wolves and other large predators and its impact on farmers and their livelihood in rural regions of Europe. Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliamenet, Brussels.
• Odden, John; Krange, Olve; Sivertsen, Therese Ramberg; Nilsen, Erlend Birkeland; Figari, Helene & Frank, Jens [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Ulveangrep på hunder i Skandinavia. En tverrfaglig utredning. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3307-1. 1568(1568). Vis sammendrag

  I denne tverrfaglige rapporten belyser vi faktorer som kan bidra til å forklare angrep på hund fra ulv i Skandinavia. Vi ser også på hundeeieres oppfatninger om ulv og vilje til å gjøre tilpasninger i hundebruk i områder med ulv. Data på registrerte angrep på hund fra ulv i Skandinavia ble hentet fra Rovbase. Fra 1995 til 2018 (før mai 2018) ble det registrert 617 ulveangrep på hund i Skandinavia, hvorav 400 angrep endte med at hunden ble drept. For perioden 1998–2017 tilsvarer dette i gjennomsnitt 30,6 ang-rep på hund årlig totalt for Skandinavia og 6,8 i Norge. De fleste tilfeller hvor ulv angriper hunder skjer i perioden september til desember, og hunder benyttet til elgjakt og harejakt er mest utsatt (83%). Analysene viser at de fleste angrep skjer i tilknytning til ulverevir. Vi fant ingen effekt av «elgjegertetthet», målt som antall elgjegerdager pr. areal i kommunen, på antall angrep pr. ulve-revir pr. sesong. Det finnes ikke eksakte tall på antall jakthunder sluppet i ulike ulverevir, og «elgjegertetthet» gir kun en indikasjon på tetthet av spisshunder, men ikke støvere og drevere som er mer knyttet til harejegere. Det var en tendens til at sannsynligheten for at minst en hund blir drept innenfor et gitt ulverevir var høyere i Norge enn i Sverige. Generelt er risikoen for ulveangrep på hunder lav, men noen revir i noen sesonger hadde flere registrerte angrep på hunder. To av tre revir i en gitt sesong («revirsesong») hadde ingen registrerte angrep, mens kun 4% av revirsesongene hadde tre eller flere angrep. Dette kan skyldes atferdsforskjeller der enkelte individer og flokker har en sterkere tilbøyelighet til å angripe hunder enn andre. Analysene av romlige og temporale mønstre i ulveangrepene viser samme mønster med kun fem identifiserte signifikante geografisk avgrensede klustre (tidsperiode < 1 år) i Skandinavia de siste tjue årene. Vi kan her ikke utelukke at dette skyldes andre faktorer vi ikke har kontroll over. Et mønster der noen flokker er overrepresentert i antall angrep på hunder bekreftes av studier i Finland og USA. Den samfunnsvitenskapelige delen av rapporten er basert på to typer data, en bredt anlagt holdningsundersøkelse basert på spørreskjemaer og en kvalitativ intervjuundersøkelse om folks er-faringer med ulv. Dataene er samlet inn i samarbeid med prosjektet «Holdningsundersøkelse til ulv og kunnskap om menneskers opplevelse av ulv». Ipsos gjennomførte på vegne av NINA intervju av personer i alderen 15 år og eldre til deltagelse i en postalundersøkelse. De kvalitative dataene er hovedsakelig samlet inn gjennom fokusgrupper, men det er også gjennomført noen individuelle intervjuer. NØKKELORD : Skandinavia, Norge, Sverige, ulv, Canis lupus, utredning, hund, ulveangrep, hundeeieres holdninger, endring av praksis og endringsvilje KEY WORDS : Norway, Sweden, wolf, Canis lupus, domestic dog, interaction, conflicts, dog owners’ attitudes, willingness to practise change

• Odden, John; Mattisson, Jenny; Linnell, John Durrus; Langeland, Knut; Stien, Audun & Tveraa, Torkild (2018). Rovdyr og rein i Midt-Norge. Sluttrapport. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3105-3. 1380(1380). Vis sammendrag

  Midt-Norge har lenge hatt konflikter rundt rovdyr og beitedyr. Regionen har målsetting om bestander av både gaupe, bjørn, jerv og kongeørn. Samtidig er reindrift en viktig del av utmarksnæringa i store deler av regionen. Siden begynnelsen av nittitallet har det vært en jevn nedgang i slakteuttaket av tamrein i Nord-Trøndelag. Økende rovviltbestander har blitt framsatt som en mulig årsak til denne nedgangen. Dette prosjektet ble igangsatt med bakgrunn i disse rapportene og har hatt som formål å belyse hvor store tap spesielt gaupe og jerv, men også kongeørn står for i reindriften i Nord-Trøndelag, og samtidig undersøke hvilke andre forhold som påvirker tap av rein. Prosjektet har vært todelt. Den ene delen har fokusert på studier av rovvilt og gaupe og jerv er radiomerket for å samle informasjon om leveområder så vel som diett og drapstakter gjennom å følge radiomerkede individer intensivt. Den andre delen har fokusert på studier av reindriften og har basert seg på bruk av offentlige statistikker over reindriften i kombinasjon med offentlige statistikker over rovdyr og klimadata. Samtidig har det vært samlet inn detaljerte data på vektutvikling, drektighet, kalvetilgang og tap gjennom individ- og radiomerking av rein fra sørgruppen i Fosen reinbeitedistrikt. Denne kombinasjonen av grovere data fra offentlige statistikker og detaljerte data fra individmerket rein, gaupe og jerv har gjort oss i stand til både å se på storskala mønster, men også detaljer knyttet til produksjon og tap i reindriften i Nord-Trøndelag. Av de historiske dataene over reintall, slaktevekter og slakteuttak ser vi at økningen i reintallet førte til en reduksjon i slaktevektene og deretter også i slakteuttaket i Nord-Trøndelag. Vi ser også at slakteuttak og slaktevektene påvirkes negativt av ugunstige beiteforhold om våren. En vedvarende nedgang i primærproduksjonen etter tusenårsskiftet bidro negativt til både slaktevekter og slakteuttak. Vi fant også at hverken gaupe- eller jervebestandene hadde noen negativ effekt på kalvevektene. Ugunstig klima er vist å ha negative effekter på andelen simler med kalv ved merking, kondisjon og bestandsutvikling i en rekke studier av rein. Å sikre en reindrift som er best rustet for å takle både dagens og framtidens klima vil derfor utvilsomt være av stor betydning for lønnsomheten i næringen. Ved å sammenligne vekter, vektutvikling og kalvetilgang fra Fosen med Ravdol siida i Finnmark og Røros/Gåebrien sitje i Sør-Trøndelag så vi at reinen på Fosen var relativt mer lik reinen i Finnmark enn i Sør-Trøndelag. Vi så også at kalvetilgangen i Fosen stort sett var lik den vi fant i Finnmark og på Røros om vi tok hensyn til vektene på simlene. Unntaket var 2015 hvor Fosen hadde lavest kalvetilgang. Radiomerkingen av rein på Fosen utført i 2014 og 2015 dokumenterte at påfallende mange voksne dyr ble tatt av kongeørn og at tapene primært skjedde gjennom sommeren og tidlig om høsten når mattilgangen for rein generelt er ansett som god. Utvalgsstørrelsen var liten og det er usikkerhet knyttet til disse resultatene, men tapene til kongeørn synes noe høyere på Fosen sammenliknet med andre studieområder. NØKKELORD : Nord-Trøndelag, Rangifer tarandus, jerv, Gulo gulo, gaupe, Lynx lynx, kongegørn, Aquila chrysaetos, rovdyr-husdyr-konflikter, KEY WORDS : reindeer, wolverine, Lynx Golden eagle, human carnivore conflicts

• Kaczensky, Petra; Linnell, John Durrus; Zuther, Steffen; Salemgareyev, Albert R. & Doldi, Ruslan (2018). Reintroduction of kulan into the central steppe of Kazakhstan: Field Report for 2017. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3190-9. 1459(1459). Vis sammendrag

  This report summarises field activity during 2017 for the project “Reintroduction of kulan to the central steppes of Kazakhstan”. (1) In June 2017 the project team visited both the capture site in Altyn Emel National Park and the release site on the Torgai steppe. The objective was to make final preparations for the planned capture and transport of kulan in the autumn. The main activities included planning the location of the capture corral, checking the helicopter and design of transport boxes, and making final adjustments to the acclimatisation enclosures. In addition, meetings were held with the local protected area staff and the central responsible committee in Astana. (2) A series of interviews were conducted with local residents in the release site to get some insights into their attitudes towards kulan and their reintroduction. These indicated that people were generally positive or neutral to the proposed activities, but identified several areas where it will be necessary to focus our communication. These results were then used to fine-tune an education and outreach campaign primarily aimed at local school children and residents. (3) A rapid assessment was conducted of kulan status in Barsa Kelmes nature reserve on the former Aral Sea, which also included the collection of faecal samples for genetical analysis. This area represents a potential source of animals for future translocations as well as being important to consider within the context of a national kulan conservation plan. (4) In October 2017 the project team successfully captured 47 kulan in the capture corral in Altyn Emel. Of these, 12 were immobilised and boxed for transport. Two adult mares were released back into Altyn Emel because of adverse stress reactions. Both animals survived and are con-tributing valuable data on the ecology of the source population. Out of the 10 that were trans-ported, 1 foal had to be euthanised on arrival. The other 9, 1 stallion, 4 foals and 4 mares, were released into the largest acclimatisation enclosure and are currently doing well, pending their release in spring 2018. The experience from 2017 has demonstrated that all steps of the process, capture, transport and release into the enclosures work well, and has identified many areas where improvements can be made to procedures for the 2018 transport which will try to transport 16-18 animals. KEY WORDS : Asiatic wild ass, kulan, Equus hemionus, reintroduction, Kazakhstan, NØKKELORD : asiatisk villesel, kulan, Equus hemionus, gjeninnføring, Kasakhstan

• Odden, John; Rauset, Geir Rune; Thorsen, Neri Horntvedt; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Berget, Dag Arne & Lien, Ole Mattis [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Studier av atferd hos ulv ved hjelp av viltkamera og nærhetsteknologi – en pilotstudie. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3195-4. 1464(1464). Vis sammendrag

  Debatten har gått høylytt i media om ulver som observeres nære folk og bebyggelse. Man diskuterer om disse ulvene har mistet sin naturlige skyhet, og om dette representerer en fare for oss mennesker. Ønsker man objektive kriterier for hva som er «avvikende» atferd i møte med mennesker så krever dette detaljert kunnskap om ulvens atferd i relasjon til menneskelig infrastruktur og menneskers bruk av veier og utmark. Målet med dette pilotstudie har vært å evaluere ulike metoders egnethet for å studere ulvers atferd overfor mennesker. Studien har vært finansiert av Miljødirektoratet. Statens naturoppsyn merket i januar og februar 2017 seks ulver i Slettåsreviret med GPShalsbånd som hadde nærhetssensorer. Ulvene i Slettåsreviret ble utpekt for merking da lokalbefolkningen oppfattet at disse ulvene har hatt en spesielt nærgående adferd overfor mennesker. Teknologien fungerer slik at når ulvenes GPS-halsbånd får inn signaler fra utplasserte UHFsendere så starter halsbåndet posisjonering hvert minutt. Vi får dermed et «GPS-spor» som viser ulvens bevegelser nær bosetninger. Arbeidet i felt ble gjennomført av Trysil fellesforening for jakt og fiske (TFJF) som satte ut sendere innenfor Slettåsreviret der man lokalt mente ulvene har vært mest nærgående. Nærhetssensor-teknologien vil kunne fungere som et supplement til den tradisjonelle innsamlingen av GPS-data med timesoppløsning som er gjennomført i mange år. GPS-spor med minuttoppløsning gjør det mulig å tolke atferden til merkede ulver i møte med menneskelig bebyggelse. Det er en del tekniske utfordringer som bør løses knyttet til sending av GPS-posisjoner via mobilnettet og mulige forskjeller mellom halsbåndene med hensyn på deteksjon av UHFnærhetssenderne. Før et større studie settes i gang bør det testes effekt av ulik utplassering av nærhetssendere (høyde over bakken, effekt av topografi og vegetasjon), samt ulikheter mellom individuelle GPS-halsbånd i forkant av merking. Vi fikk inn 288 GPS-spor fra fem av ulvene i perioden 15.2.2017 til 28.03.2017. Vi registrerte de fem ulvene nærmere enn 100 meter fra bebodde hus 65 ganger i perioden, 35 ganger nærmere enn 50 meter og 25 ganger nærmere hus enn 25 meter. De fleste tilfellene (80%) der ulvene var mindre enn 50 meter fra hus skjedde i mørket, dvs. om natten før eller etter skumring. Ser vi i detalj på GPS-sporene så ser vi at de ofte fulgte brøytede veier og oppkjørte skiløyper før de kom nære hus. I møte med bebodde hus må ulvene veie frykten for menneske opp mot det å spare energi ved å følge den enkleste ruten i terrenget. Disse ulvene valgte i denne perioden ofte å ta den minst energikrevende veien forbi hus i stedet for å gå en omvei rundt. Siden det mangler kontrolldata fra andre flokker og steder vil en eventuell tolkning av om atferden til ulvene i Slettåsreviret avviker fra normalen ligge fram i tid. Dette avhenger av at studien gjentas i flere områder til ulike deler av året. NØKKELORD : Norge, Hedmark, Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, ulv, Canis lupus, atferd, nærhetssendere, viltkamera KEY WORDS : Norway, Hedmark, Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, wolf, Canis lupus, behaviour, proximity collars, camera traps

• Kaczensky, Petra; Doldin, Ruslan; Enke, Dag; Linnell, John Durrus; Lukanovsky, Oleg & Salemgareyev, Albert R. [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Feasibility study for kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) reintroduction into the central steppe of Kazakhstan. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-3085-8. 1366(1366). Vis sammendrag

  Asiatic wild ass, or kulan (Equus hemionous), were once a key species in the assemblage of large herbivores (along with saiga antelope, several gazelle species and wild horses) that ranged the Eurasian steppes, stretching from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean to Mongolia. Overhunting and habitat conversion has since decimated their populations and nowadays they can only be found on less than 3% of their historic global distribution range. While it is still possible to see large herds of kulan in the Gobi desert of Mongolia, the species only persist in tiny fragments in the rest of Central Asia. The end of the USSR resulted in dramatic socio-economic changes in the region. While some of these changes have been negative for species conservation, e.g. through the breakdown of management structures that prevented overhunting, others have created new opportunities for landscape-level biodiversity conservation and species recovery. In Kazakhstan, large parts of the central steppe – an area equal to the size of France – became almost devoid of people and livestock. This situation has created the rare opportunity for land-scape-level biodiversity conservation and species recovery in a steppe ecosystem. In 2005, the Altyn Dala Conservation Initiative (ADCI), a large-scale joint initiative of the Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), the Committee of Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and international partners was initiated. The ADCI aims to conserve and recover nationally and internationally important flagship species and their habitats in the steppe and semi desert zones of Kazakhstan. This project links into the ADCI vison and aims to 1) Re-establish kulan as part of the historic large herbivore assemblage on the Torgai steppe, 2) Double the range of kulan in Central Asia, 3) Significantly increase the global population, 4) Provide a catalyst for kulan and Przewalski’s horse conservation actions across the region. This feasibility study focusses on the first fully funded three-year pilot phase, which is meant to establish a solid basis for the future conserva-tion and management of kulan on the central steppe of Kazakhstan. The project involves a co-operation between several international partners (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Nuremberg Zoo, Frankfurt Zoological Society) and a Kazakh NGO (Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan). In October 2017 & 2018, we will capture a total of 32-36 kulan in Altyn Emel National Park in south-eastern Kazakhstan and airlift them to the Torgai steppe using a large transport helicopter. There, kulan will be initially held in two large acclimatization enclosures (“soft release”) to famil-iarize them with the new environment and suppress excessive dispersal. The release site is strategically located in a network of protected areas and ecological corridors covering 40,000 km². All adult kulan will be released with GPS-Iridium collars to allow post-release monitoring. Post-release monitoring will be integrated in ongoing monitoring and patrolling routines by protected area and state rangers. KEY WORDS : Asiatic wild ass, Kulan, Equus hemionus, reintroduction, Kazakhstan NØKKELORD : Asiatisk villesel, Kulan, Equus hemionus, gjeninnføring, Kasakhstan

• Linnell, John Durrus; Flagstad, Øystein; Odden, John; Vang, Silje & Mattisson, Jenny (2016). Samordning av forvaltning av jerv i Sør-Norge - en kunnskapsoversikt. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-2906-7. 1255(1255).
• Linnell, John Durrus; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Bredin, Yennie Katarina & Gjershaug, Jan Ove (2016). Biodiversity assessment of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2876-3. 1236(1236). Vis sammendrag

  This report aims to summarise the existing knowledge concerning the biodiversity of the Fagaras Mountains, in the southern Carpathians of Romania. It is intended to provide a basis for an assessment of the ecosystem services that are being provided, and that could be provided, by the area. The Fagaras Mountains consist of an uninterrupted 70-80 km long ridge that reaches to over 2500 m in altitude, with many side ridges branching off, creating a highly variable topography. As well as containing Romanian's highest mountain, it also contains the largest area of continuous alpine zone habitat in Romania. The slopes are covered with spruce forests at higher altitudes and mixed deciduous forests at lower altitudes. At lower altitudes land-use gives way extensive low-intensity agriculture at the forest-farmland interface, and then more intensive agriculture where soils permit. Most of the mountain range is protected within two Natura 2000 sites that combine to an area of 2436 km2, and these adjoin several other Natura 2000 sites, and other Romanian protected areas. Our biodiversity assessment consisted of collecting existing data from published and unpublished sources. Over 72% of the area is forested, with the rest consisting of alpine grasslands (25%) and rock, scree and bogs. Some patches of virgin forest have been identified along the northern slopes of the mountain range, and many areas have not been surveyed. The biodiversity of the Fagaras Mountains has not been as well studied as in many of the neighbouring regions, however, it was still possible to build up a good preliminary species of species diversity for some species groups, including mammals (57 species), birds (130 species), amphibians (17 species), reptiles (13 species), fish (12 species), freshwater crayfish (2 species), butterflies and moths (563 species), beetles (125 species), dragonflies (15 species), spiders (40 species), water-bugs (22 species), water-mites (28 species), lichens (144 species) and plants (895 species). For other species groups such as fungi (19 species), snails (6 species) and crickets (2 species) there is clearly a lot more registration to do before these species lists will become complete. Of these species, a total of 107 are of EU community interest, being listed on either the Habitats Directive or the Birds Directive. Many of the species are also on the national Romanian red list. In terms of its size, species diversity, and ecological integrity the Fagaras Mountains are clearly an area with a very high biodiversity value. The majority of the records we found come from only two areas that have been comparatively well studied (Sinca Noua and the Upper Dambovita river basin). As a result, further studies of new areas andother species groups are clearly going to lead to an increase in the areas known diversity. Biodiversity assessment, Fargaras Mountains, Romania, Muntii Fagaras, Piemontul Fagaras, biomangfold

• Linnell, John Durrus & Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter (2016). An ecosystem services analysis of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2898-5. 1251(1251). Vis sammendrag

  This report builds on previous studies which have focused on biodiversity and the socioeconomic context of the Fagaras mountains in Romania. The aim is to integrate the findings of these studies into an ecosystem services framework to help provide a holistic assessment of the costs, benefits and trade-offs associated with different development paths in the region. We categorised a diversity of provisioning, regulatory, and cultural ecosystem services that are currently being exploited, along with a range of services that have the potential to be exploited. Considerable trade-offs exist, with the choice to exploit some services leading to a severe reduction in the ability of the ecosystem to deliver on other services. To illustrate this we developed three scenarios called (1) Intensive use of provisioning resources, (2) Sustainable and extensive multi-use, and (3) Wilderness. Scenario 1 was largely incompatible with the other 2 scenarios, and with the Natura 2000 status of the site. In contrast, scenarios 2 and 3 showed a great deal of scope for integration given sufficient large-scale spatial planning and the introduction of best practice guidelines on all activities. A combination of scenarios 2 and 3 may in fact be necessary to deliver on the broad goals of these Natura 2000 sites, The possibility for turning these scenarios into viable community development pathways is discussed, and many social and institutional challenges have been identified. Ecosystem services, natural capital, geoheritage, cultural heritage, Romania, Fagaras Mountains, Muntii Fagaras, Piemontul Fagaras, økosystemtjeneste

• Krange, Olve; Odden, John; Skogen, Ketil; Linnell, John Durrus; Stokland, Håkon B. & Vang, Silje [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Evaluering av regional rovviltforvaltning. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA). ISSN 978-82-426-2925-8. 1268(1268). Vis sammendrag

  Dagens forvaltning av rovviltartene er hovedsakelig basert på St.meld. nr. 15 (2003-2004) Rovvilt i norsk natur, Stortingets behandling av denne (Innst. S. nr. 174 (2003-2004) og rovviltforliket av 2011 (Representantforslag 163 S (2010-2011)). Stortingets rovdyrforlik av 2011, sier i punkt 2.1.9 følgende: «Forlikspartene er enige om at den regionale forvaltningen og de regionale bestandsmålene av rovvilt skal evalueres innen fem år». NINA fikk i oppdrag fra Miljødirektoratet å evaluere regional rovviltforvaltning og de regionale bestandsmålene i Norge med hensyn på måloppnåelse i gjeldene rovviltpolitikk. Evalueringen av rovviltforvaltning tar utgangspunkt rammene om den todelte målsettingen om at vi skal ha rovvilt og beitedyr i Norge. Evalueringen består av en naturvitenskapelig og en samfunnsvitenskapelig del. Evaluering, rovviltnemnder, rovviltforvaltning, konflikt, region, sone, bestandsmål, store rovdyr, ulv, gaupe, bjørn, jerv Evaluation, regional management, large carnivores, conflict, zoning, wolf, bear, lynx, wolverine, population goals

• Linnell, John Durrus (2015). From conflict to coexistence: insights from multi-disciplinary research into the relationships between people, large carnivores and institutions. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe report prepared for the European Commission (contract N°070307/2012/629085/SER/B3).
• Boitani, Luigi; Alvarez, Francisco; Anders, Ole; Andren, Henrik; Avanzinelli, E. & Balys, Vaidas [Vis alle 42 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Key actions for large carnivore populations in Europe. Institute of Applied Ecology (Rome, Italy). Report to DG Environment, European Commission, Bruxelles. Contract no. 07.0307/2013/654446/SER/B3.
• Kaczensky, Petra & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Rapid assessment of the mammalian community in the Badhyz Ecosystem, Turkmenistan, October 2014. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2770-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We visited Badhyz State Nature Reserve in southern Turkmenistan and the surrounding area between 12th and 26th November 2014. 12 days were spent within the reserve and surrounding wildlife sanctuaries (Gyzyljar and Chemenabat wildlife sanctuaries), during which we drove 763 km and walked 68 km. In addition, we spent 3 days in the office discussing with the reserve director and the head of the science department and collating existing information from the park's records and from recent camera-trapping studies that the reserve has conducted. The objective of the expedition was to conduct a rapid assessment of the status of the populations of wild ungulates – kulan (Asiatic wild ass), urial (wild sheep), and goitered gazelle. However, because of the need to view species conservation within an ecosystem context we also collated information on community structure and the presence of the other key species that make up the Badhyz ecosystem. The Badhyz grasslands ecosystem represents a complex and relatively intact ecosystem. Our general impression is that a variety of rodents (sousliks, gerbils, voles, and jerboas) that exist at very high densities, supporting a large community of mammalian (red fox, wild cat), avian (raptors) and reptilian (snakes, monitor lizards) predators. Rodents may well be the dominant herbivores in this ecosystem and deserve further investigation. By comparison, the only medium sized herbivore, the Tulai hare, appears to occur only at very low densities. Our visit confirmed the presence of all of the expected large mammals. We personally saw urial (464 observations), goitered gazelle (346 observations), kulan (59 observations), wolves (5 individuals), red foxes, and wildcats along with many fresh tracks from striped hyaena and wild boar, some older leopard tracks and one observation of a set of potential caracal track. The reserve's camera trapping also provides evidence for leopards, hyaenas and wolves, kulan, gazelles, urial in addition to red foxes and wildcats. Visual observations by reserve staff also confirm the presence of caracal and honey badger. The only species missing from the ecosystem are the Asiatic cheetah, which has not been seen since the 1960's, and the Bezoar wild goat. Among the carnivores, our observations of tracks and the reserve's records (visual and camera trapping) confirm the presence of multiple leopard individuals, including adult males and reproductive females. Striped hyaena and wolves appear to be widespread throughout the reserve and relatively abundant. Caracal, honey badger and korsac fox appear to occur at very low densities, and only in small parts of the reserve. Our own observations support the picture obtained by the reserve's censuses that the populations of gazelle and urial are large and are well distributed throughout the reserve. Although the census methodology used by the reserve does not provide statistical estimates of uncertainty, the numbers they have obtained (3700 gazelle and 1600 urial in 2013) do not seem unrealistic. We observed comparatively few kulan, and only a few fresh tracks or signs of presence such as dung. We had 59 observations, but we almost certainly saw the same individuals several times. The census methodology used by the reserve indicates a population of more than 400 kulan using the reserve in spring. Based on our extensive survey of the reserve it is almost certain that the majority of individuals must have been somewhere else (outside the reserve) at the time of our visit. Badhyz Nature Reserve, Kulan, Urial, Asiatic wild ass, Turkmenistan, gazelle, Badhyz naturreservat, asiatisk villesel, gaselle,

• Linnell, John Durrus; Tveraa, Torkild; Swenson, Jon; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Hansen, Inger & Andren, Henrik [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Kunnskapsstatus og kunnskapsbehov for forvaltning av rovvilt i Norge. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2823-7. Vis sammendrag

  Miljødirektoratet har bestilt denne rapporten for å identifisere kunnskapshull vedrørende rovvilt (gaupe, brunbjørn, ulv, jerv og kongeørn) i Skandinavia, med særlig fokus på situasjonen i Norge. Over 20 forskere fra ulike institusjoner i Norge og Sverige har bidratt til prosessen. Arbeidet har primært fokusert på naturvitenskapelige problemstillinger. De siste 30 årene har det vært gjennomført en omfattende forskning på store rovdyr i Skandinavia. Særlig har det vært gjennomført mange feltbaserte studier som har samlet inn demografiske data og atferdsdata gjennom bruk av telemetribaserte metoder. Parallelt har det vært en stor innsats på bestandsovervåking både ved bruk av tradisjonelle overvåkingsmetoder og genetiske analyser. I tillegg har det vært en betydelig forskningsinnsats på rovvilt innen andre disipliner. Forskningen har bidratt til et stort antall vitenskapelige publikasjoner – over 650 publikasjoner har kommet ut siden 1987, og det utgis nå rundt 50 publikasjoner i året. Den generelle biologien til disse artene er nå godt kjent og det finnes en god del kvantitative data for mange demografiske parametre, atferd og predator-byttedyrsammenhenger. Følgelig er de gjenstående kunnskapshullene fragmentert, spredt og varierer mellom artene. Kunnskap om demografi og områdebruk kommer fra et begrenset antall studieområder over begrensede tidsrom. Det er derfor til dels ukjent hvordan disse variablene varierer med endringer i bestandsstørrelse, klimatiske forhold og landskap. Et annet spørsmål er hvilke effekter den store avskytingen av rovdyr i Skandinavia har på atferdsmessige og demografiske parametre. Mesteparten av eksisterende kunnskap er knyttet til voksne individer. Vi har identifisert en rekke kunnskapshull knyttet til atferd og overlevelse hos juvenile – fra fødsel, gjennom spredningsfasen og fram til uavhengighet. Det er videre et behov for å forstå hvordan forskjellen i forvaltningsregime mellom Norge og Sverige påvirker våre felles rovviltbestander. Generelle trekk ved predasjonen på byttedyr er godt beskrevet. Det er imidlertid mange ubesvarte spørsmål knyttet til betydningen av romlig variasjon og byttedyrenes bevegelse (spredning og migrasjon) på predator-byttedyrdynamikken. Tilsvarende er det en del ubesvarte spørsmål knyttet til interaksjoner (f. eks. åtselspising / kleptoparasittisme) mellom store rovdyr, og hvordan disse påvirker byttedyrene. Alle feltstudiene har vært gjennomført i flerbrukslandskap som utnyttes både til skogbruk, jakt, friluftsliv og husdyrbeite. Den menneskelige aktiviteten kan ha stor innvirkning på store rovdyrs økologi og bør undersøkes. Eksempler på dette er effekten av skogsdrift på bjørn og betydningen av et stadig økende veinett på alle artene, inkludert interaksjonen med deres byttedyr. Innen temaene dyrehelse er det mange kunnskapshull å tette. Økt fokus på dyrevelferd, og klimaendringer som forventes å påvirke utbredelsen av parasitter og sykdommer, understreker behovet for å undersøke disse forholdene. Rovvilt, kunnskapsoversikt, kunnskapsbehov, rovvilt-beitedyr-konflikter, sau, tamrein, bjørn, gaupe, jerv, kongeørn, ulv, Large carnivores, Knowledge status, Knowledge needs, Carnivore - livestock conflict, Sheep, Semi-domestic reindeer, Brown bear, Eurasian Lynx, Golden Eagle, Wolverine, Wolf

• Mattisson, Jenny; Odden, John; Strømseth, Thomas H.; Rauset, Geir Rune; Flagstad, Øystein & Linnell, John Durrus (2015). Gaupe og jerv i reinbeiteland. Sluttrapport for Scandlynx Troms og Finnmark 2007-2014. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2829-9. Vis sammendrag

  Konflikten mellom tamreindrift og store rovdyr er en av de vanskeligste konfliktene i forvaltningen av natur og naturressurser i Norge. En av årsakene er mangel på objektive data på nøkkelas-pekter i konflikten. Den mest åpenbare kontroversen gjelder hvor mange reinsdyr som faktisk blir drept av rovdyr. Kun et fåtall (ca. 5 %) av reinsdyrene det søkes erstatning for blir funnet tidsnok til at man kan fastslå dødsårsaken, og i tillegg utbetales det kompensasjon for et vesent-lig lavere antall enn det som er oppgitt drept av rovdyr. Vurderingen av antall dyr det skal utbe-tales kompensasjon for er avhengig av skjønnsmessige vurderinger hos viltforvaltere på regio-nalt nivå. For å redusere denne konflikten har det vært et klart behov for å tallfeste antall drepte reinsdyr per jerv og gaupe, som er de rovdyrene som står for størstedelen av det dokumenterte tapet i tamreinområdene. Et annet kontroversielt tema omfatter hvordan store rovdyr skal forvaltes for å redusere konflik-tene. Foruten optimalisering av slakteuttaket, finnes det få brukbare tapsreduserende tiltak som er funksjonelle for tamreindriften, og det har blitt lagt vekt på å regulere antall og utbredelsen av store rovdyr i områder med tamrein. Dette gjennomføres ved hjelp av rovviltsoner (etableringen av prioriterte rovviltområder og prioriterte områder for husdyr), og bruk av jakt og skadefelling. For å gjennomføre disse tiltakene og samtidig sikre at de nasjonale bestandsmålene blir nådd, kreves det kunnskap om demografi (fødsels- og dødsrater) for begge artene, størrelsen på, og trender i populasjonene, i tillegg til data på artenes krav til størrelse på leveområder. Vi gjennomførte et forskningsprosjekt i Troms og Finnmark i perioden 2007 til 2014 for å fylle noen av disse kunnskapshullene. Studieområdet representerer den nordligste utbredelsen av gaupe og jerv, og er et tundraområde med sterke årstidskontraster og lav produktivitet. Det vik-tigste byttedyret er migrerende tamrein. Gaupe og jerv ble immobilisert fra helikopter og merket med GPS-halsbånd. Flere av dyrene ble fanget inn mer enn en gang for å sikre innsamling av flere år med data på samme individ. I tillegg ble et lite antall gaupeunger merket med microchip. GPS-merking ble brukt for å følge arealbruken og predasjon hos gaupe- og jervindivider, og for å dokumentere overlevelse og reproduksjon. Flere ganger årlig ble GPS-senderne programmert til å ta fra 7 til 24 posisjoner i døgnet i intensivperioder på 3-4 uker. Ved å oppsøke på stedene som gaupene og jervene hadde besøkt over lengre tid («cluster/klynger» av to eller flere GPS-punkter i nærhet av hverandre), kunne byttedyr og matgjømmer dokumenteres i felt. I tillegg til de GPS-baserte dataene benyttet vi overvåkingsdataene som rutinemessig blir innsamlet som en del av det nasjonale overvåkingsprogrammet for store rovdyr (www.rovdata.no). Vi fanget og merket 31 gauper og 25 jerver med GPS-halsbånd i studieperioden. Feil på en del halsbånd medførte at vi ikke kunne følge alle dyrene lenge nok til å innhente meningsfulle data fra alle individene. Mennesker var den viktigste dødsårsaken for merkede jerver. Jakt (N=4) og skadefelling (N=6) var de eneste dødsårsakene som ble dokumentert for jerv. Av de 15 gjenværende jervene har 47 % blitt identifisert ved DNA fra skit samlet inn i 2014 eller 2015. gaupe, jerv, tamrein, Lynx lynx, Gulo gulo, Rangifer tarandus, drapstakt, predasjon, atferd, arealbruk, overvåking, DNA, konflikt, sonering, erstatning, Norge, Finnmark, Troms, Lynx, wolverine, reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, Lynx lynx, Gulo gulo, behaviour, predation, kill rate, home range, conflict, monitoring, DNA, zoning, compensation, Finnmark, Troms, Norway

• Thomassen, Jørn; Kaltenborn, Bjørn Petter; Linnell, John Durrus & Lindhjem, Henrik (2015). Scenarioutvikling på Røst. Rapport fra scenarioutviklingsseminar Røst 1.-2. september 2015. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2818-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Scenarioer kan beskrives som reiser til en mulig framtid. De reflekterer ulike antakelser om hvor-dan dagens trender vil videreføres, hvordan kritiske usikkerheter vil virke og hvordan nye faktorer vil påvirke utviklingen (UNEP 2002). Scenarioutvikling og konsekvensutredninger har det til felles at de prøver å beskrive en framtids-tilstand basert på mulige påvirkningsfaktorer eller drivkrefter. Forskjellen er at scenarioer utfors-ker muligheter, mens konsekvensutredninger baseres mer på prediksjoner og sannsynligheter. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA, www.nina.no) leder prosjektet «Tailoring the ecosystem services approach to landscape level management» (TESL) som er finansiert av Norges forsk-ningsråd. Prosjektet har som hovedmål å analysere økologiske, økonomiske og samfunnsviten-skapelige data om naturressurser og måten disse ressursene blir utnyttet av folk. Videre hvordan naturressursene kan klassifiseres som økosystemtjenester (eller naturens goder) og koble dette til verdivurderinger av alternative framtider, alternative måter å forvalte på og ulike prioriteringer til menneskets beste. En av aktivitetene i TESL er å gjennomføre deltakende scenarioprosesser hvor lokalbefolkningen selv skal utforske alternative framtidsbilder. Lofoten-Vesterålen er valgt som studieområde for TESL, med fokus på Røst for scenarioprosessen. Denne rapporten oppsummerer resultater fra scenarioutviklingsseminaret på Røst 1.-2. septem-ber 2015, hvor Røstværingene selv utforsket mulige framtidsbilder fram mot 2025. Metoden leg-ger opp til en trinn-for-trinn-prosess hvor deltakerne på seminaret, med utgangspunkt i «det gode liv» på Røst, skulle identifisere kritisk usikre drivere (drivkrefter som kan påvirke «det gode liv» på Røst), konstruere årsak–virkningskart og utvikle miniscenarioer som skildrer mulige ulike framtidsbilder. I forkant av seminaret fikk deltakerne en «hjemmelekse» hvor de ble bedt om å skrive ned: 1. Hva er «det gode liv» på Røst i dag?; 2. Håp, usikkerhet og frykt fram mot 2025; 3. Hvilke drivkrefter vil være viktige for utviklingen av Røst-samfunnet de neste 10 årene? I alt åtte kritisk usikre drivere ble valgt, hver av dem med to helt forskjellige utviklingsveier: Livs-stiler og samfunnsverdier; Nye næringer; Fiskeripolitikk; Turisme; Olje/gass-utvinning; Klima-endringer; Kommunereformen; og Befolkning. Deltakerne ble delt i to grupper, hver av dem jobbet med 4 kritisk usikre drivere. Totalt fem årsak-virkningskart, delvis med forklaringer, ble laget. Miniscenarioene oppstår når to kritisk usikre dri-vere, hver med to klart forskjellige utviklingsveier, kombineres. I alt 16 miniscenarioer ble laget på seminaret. Røst-folket ser for seg en situasjon om 10 år hvor det rene og det nære blir viktigere, kystkultur får større verdi samtidig som de marine næringene har utviklet seg til et sunt mangfold. Grunn-stammen i Røst-samfunnet har alltid vært fiskeriene og det vil være svært viktig at det gis forut-sigbare føringer for at kystflåten styrkes. Skrekkscenarioet er at kvotene havner på færre båter og færre hender og kanskje forsvinner fra Røst. Norge, Nordland, Røst, scenarioutvikling, lokalbefolkning, deltakende prosess, Røst mot 2025, AEAM, scenario development, Norway, Røst towards 2025, participatory process, Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management (AEAM), local community

• Linnell, John Durrus; Støen, Ole-Gunnar; Hansen, Inger; Eilertsen, Svein Morten; Flagstad, Øystein & Gervasi, Vincenzo [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Utredning om endring i yngleområdene for jerv og bjørn i rovvilt region 6. Norsk institutt for naturforskning. ISSN 978-82-426-2745-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Den regionale rovdyrnemnda i Midt-Norge (region 6) har satt i gang en evaluering av enkelte deler av den regionale forvaltningsplanen. I den sammenheng har rovviltnemnda bedt om innspill fra forskningsmiljøa for å kartlegge muligheter og eventuelle konsekvenser av foreslåtte endringer i forvaltningen av bjørn og jerv i regionen. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA), Bioforsk og Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet (NMBU) fikk i oppdrag å samarbeide om en slik kartlegging. Det ble bedt om faglige råd innenfor tre tematiske områder. Den første oppgava var å vurdere potensialet i, og konsekvensene av, en eventuell flytting eller endring i yngleområdet for bjørn i regionen. Evalueringen konkluderte med at det var urealistisk å forvente at reproduserende binner vil etablerer seg i andre områder enn det nåværende yngleområdet i Nord-Trøndelag, på grunn av den lave spredningsevnen hos binner og fordelingen av prioriterte beiteområder i naboregionen. Selv om en fikk reproduserende bjørn i et eventuelt nytt område, vil en slik endring ha flere negative konsekvenser: (1) Det vil ta lenger tid å nå det regionale bestandsmålet. (2) Populasjonen i et eventuelt nytt område vil være mindre stabil. (3) Konflikten med husdyr vil øke fordi nye beiteområder blir eksponert for bjørn, og en ikke fullt ut kan dra nytte av tapsforebyggende og konfliktdempende tiltak som er gjennomført eller er under gjennomføring i tilknytning til det eksisterende yngleområdet. Den andre oppgaven var å svare på et sett spørsmål knyttet til konsekvensene av en endring i yngleområdet for jerv i Sør-Trøndelag fylke ved å fjerne Forollhogna fra den nåværende sonen for yngling. Evalueringen konkluderte med følgende: (1) Dette vil ikke ha dramatiske effekter på nivået av genflyt mellom den relativt isolerte sørvestlige norske delpopulasjonen og den skandinaviske hovedpopulasjonen. (2) Det er nok rom innen den gjenværende sonen til at fylket fortsatt kan oppnå målet om tre årlige ynglinger. Flere ynglinger innen den gjenværende sonen vil føre til at tettheten av jerv øker lokalt, og dermed kan en også forvente en økning i konfliktnivået med både tamrein og sau i dette området. (3) Endringer i jervepopulasjonen vil ha begrenset effekt på villreinpopulasjonen. (4) Forollhognaregionen ligger innen et nettverk av vernede områder med ulike verneformål, som inkluderer både bevaringen av et intakt fjelløkosystem og et kulturlandskapsområde med høy biodiversitet. Å oppnå begge disse målene vil kreve en ny tilnærming som tillater både jerv og en økning av antallet beitende storfe i området. (5) Mangelen på koordinering mellom forvaltningssoner på tvers av fylkesgrenser i Forollhogna skaper en vanskelig situasjon for alle involverte parter. Det er sterkt anbefalt at endringer i forvaltningen av jerv blir koordinert mellom de tre forvaltningsregionene som har jerv i Sør-Norge. Den tredje oppgaven fokuserte på beitepotensialet i Forollhogna. Eksisterende data indikerer at det er et signifikant potensiale for å øke tettheten av husdyr i området, og at en økning i antall husdyr (spesielt storfe) faktisk er nødvendig for å oppnå målene om å bevare dette biodiversitetsrike kulturlandskapet. Jerv, bjørn, sau, tamrein, rovviltnemnda, konflikt, yngleområde, sonering, wolverine, bear, sheep, semi-domestic reindeer, zoning, conflict

• Rigg, Robin; Skribinsek, Tomaz & Linnell, John Durrus (2014). Engaging stakeholders in wildlife monitoring: a pilot study of wolves in Slovakia using non-invasive genetic sampling. Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe.

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